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Endocrine System (Gross Anatomy (Adrenal Cortex: outer top cortex of…
Endocrine System
Gross Anatomy
Hypothalamus
: will secrete hormones that will either inhibit or stimulate release of hormone from anterior pituitary gland. Synthesizes two hormones stored in axon terminals in posterior pituitary,
oxytocin
and
vasopressin
.
Anterior Pituitary:
True endocrine tissue that secretes hormones
Growth Hormone:
stimulates growth of all cells and epiphyseal plates, secreted as a child and throughout adulthood to maintain cells.
Thyroid stimulating hormone:
stimulates thyroid to produce hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone:
stimulate hormone release from cortex of adrenal gland
Gonadotropins
: Follicle stimulating hormone and lutienizing hormone, stimulates gonads to produce hormones.
Prolactin
: stimulates the synthesis of milk in breast tissues
Posterior Pituitary:
part of the brain, stores but does not make/secrete hormones and is not a true endocrine gland. Stores Oxytocin and Vasopressin
Vasopressin
: antidiuretic hormone, kidney will either preserve or excrete water
Oxytocin
: stimulates uterus contraction (pitocin)
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid hormone:
increases rate of metabolism (conversion of nutrients to energy - includes oxygen)
Calitonin: Active only in children, decreases the activity of osteoclasts (so children can build bones up)
Parathyroid gland:
not directed by pituitary, measures calcium level in blood and will create hormones that are able to increase calcium levels.
Parathyrroid hormone
: increases calcium absorption, targets kidneys, to control calcium excretion, and GI tract to control calcium absorption
Adrenal Cortex:
outer top cortex of kidney, produces cortico steroids
Zona glomerulosa:
outer zone, secretes minerals corticoids, making kidneys keep water and sodium
Zone fasciculata
: middle zone, secretes glucorticoids - helps keep blood glucose levels normal, helps in dealing with stress - long and short term
Zona reticularis:
deepest, secretes glucorticoids and androgen, (in other tissues this becomes testosterone and estrogen)
Adrenal Medulla
: sympathetic and endocrine function, hormone submitted by cells that travels in blood
Pancreas:
has exocrine and endocrine functions, has islet cells which have alpha and beta cells. Alpha cells: secrete glucagon - increases blood glucose. Beta cells: secretes insulin - decreases blood glucose.
Testes/Ovaries
Testes:
secrete testosterone
Ovaries:
produce/secretes estrogen and progesterone
Thymus Gland:
secretes thymic hormones :
Thymic Hormone:
leukocyte, cause the T lymphocyte to become immunocompetent (produces an immune response) to invaders (pathogens)
Parts of the Endocrine System
Hormone:
chemical messenger that travels in the blood (stimulus and response vary, travels slowly and lasts longer than neurotransmitter). Able to trigger molecules once bound to certain cells (target cells)
Target Cell:
Cells that contain specific receptor molecule that allows particular hormones to bind to it. These cells are located throughout the body.
Endocrine Gland:
specialized endocrine tissue organs,
include; pituitary gland,thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pineal glands, pancreas, thymus and gonads
Endocrine Tissue:
Group of endocrine cells that make up a tissue,
includes; GI tract, digestive tract, placenta, kidneys, skin, pancreas, thymus, gonads, hypothalamus and heart
Endocrine vs Exocrine Glands
Endocrine Gland:
hormone is manufactured and then passed into surrounding area, taken up into the bloodstream
Exocrine Gland:
Product is excreted into an apical surface/hollow area, has ducts. Part of reproductive, digestive, urinary and respiratory systems
Main Function
: to coordinate, control and regulate body function (VIA hormones)