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Endocrine System (Glands (Thyroid (Parathryroid (Hormones Produced…
Endocrine System
Glands
Composition and Location
- Located in the lower neck and anterior thorax just above the heart
- Lobulated
- Size varies by age. It is larger in the young and smaller in older adults
- Composed of Epithelial Reticular Cells
Hormones Produced
- Secretes Thymic Hormone
- Stimulates the transition of Lymphocytes to T-Lymphocytes
- Causes Lymphocytes to become Immunocompetent
Thyroid
Parathryroid
Composition and Location
- Located on the posterior aspect of the Thyroid glad on either side of the Trachea and Esophagus
- Independent actor
- Cuboidal or Squamous Epithelium and Areolar Connective Tissue
Hormones Produced
Parathyroid Hormone
- Increases the blood calcium level when it is low
- Calcium needed for Muscle and Nerve function
- Calcium acquired from: Kidneys, GI Tract, and bones
Hormones Produced
Thyroid Hormone
- Increase Metabolic Rate
- The conversion of nutrients to energy with the help of oxygen
Calcitonin
- Active only in children
- Decrease activity of Osteoclasts in bones
Composition and Location
- Located on top of the Trachea just inferior to the Larynx
- Cuboidal or Squamous Epithelium and Areolar Connective Tissue
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Pancreas
Location: Starts at the Duodenum of the Small Intestine and travels to the left side of the body and ends at the Spleen
Alpha Cells
- Secretes Glucagon
- Increase blood glucose levels
- Typically release from liver cells
Beta Cells
- Secretes Insulin
- Decrease blood glucose levels
- Glucose sent to cells that need it or Liver for storage
Delta Islet Cells
- Secretes Somatostatin
- Inhibits the secretion of glucagon and insulin
Gonads
Olvaries
- Female Reproductive Organs
- Secretes Estrogen and Progestogen
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Components
Hormones
- A chemical messenger that travels in the blood
- Amino Acid or Steroid derivatives
- Binds to a target cell to trigger a pre-programmed response
Endocrine Gland
- Ductless gland that secrete hormone into blood or lymph
- Richly supplied with blood
- Examples: Pituitary, Adrenal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Pineal, Thymus, Pancreas, Gonads
Endocrine Tissue/Cell
- Originate from Epithelial Cells
- Arranged in patterns: clusters, cords, branching networks
- Can also be: Neurons, Muscle cells, and Fibroblast-like cells
- Secretion of hormone by Exocytosis into extracellular space
Target Cell
- Specific tissue cell with a receptor molecule that a hormone will bind to
Functions
- Coordinate, control, and regulate body functions
- Growth
- Metabolic Rate
- Reproductive Functions
- Defense against Stress