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Endocrine System (Endocrine Glands (Anterior Pituitary (Adrenocorticotropi…

- - - - Lack ducts
      - internal secretion
      - Major endocrine organs
        
        pineal gland
        
        pancreas
        
        adrenal glands
        
        thymus
        
        parathyroid gland
        
        thyroid gland
        
        gonads
        
        pituitary gland
      - richly supplied with blood and lymphatic vessels
    - - Cells arranged in small clusters, cord or branching networks. Release hormones into surrounding extracellular space
        
        skin
        
        placenta
        
        kidney
        
        pancreas
        
        gonads
        
        hypothalamus
        
        heart
        
        GI tract
    - - chemical messenger that travels in blood
      - signal physiological changes in target cells
    - - response dependent on presence of specific receptor molecules
      - various locations
      - when a given hormone influences only specific tissue cells
- - - - cell bodies
        
        create hormone
        
        transport down to store in axon terminals
      - oxytocin
        
        stimulates contraction of uterus
      - antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin
        
        causes kidney to conserve water
  - - - Hypothalamus will stimulate or inhibit release of hormone
      - Hypothalamic hormones released into special blood vessels (the hypophyseal portal system) control the release of anterior pituitary hormones
    - - Nerve impulses travel down the axons of hypothalamic neurons, causing hormone release from their axon terminals
      - Stores and releases hormones produced in hypothalamus
- - - - Secrete testosterone
    - - Produce estrogen and progesterone
  - - - Secretes glucagon --> increases blood glucose level
    - - Secretes insulin --> decrease blood glucose level
  - - - Sensitive to calcium levels
      - Increase blood calcium levels when it detects they are low
      - GI tract, Kidneys, Bone
      - located on posterior surface of the thyroid gland
  - - - Increase metabolic rate
      - Take in nutrients to create energy
    - - Produced by thyroid
      - Active only in children and will decrease osteoclasts activity
  - - - Secretes glucocorticoids
      - Help maintain blood glucose levels
      - "Stress hormone"
    - - Secretes glucocorticoids and androgen
      - Converted to testosterone and estrogen
    - - Secretes mineral corticoids
      - Makes kidneys retain sodium and water
  - - - Stimulates adrenal cortex to release hormones
    - - Stimulates gonads to release hormones
    - - Stimulates thyroid to release hormone
    - - Stimulation of mammary glands to produce milk
    - - Stimulates growth of all cells and epiphyseal plate
  - - - produced by thymus
      - Causes T lymphocytes to become immunocompetent