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Endocrine system (Endocrine organs (Thyroid gland (butterfly shaped is…

- - - - Secrets at least nine major hormones
        
        Anterior pituitary
        
        stimulate or inhibit releases of hormone
        
        thyroid stimulating hormones
        
        produced by thyrotropic cells
        
        TSH signals the thyroid gland to secrete its own hormone, thyroid hormone, and thus ultimately controls metabolic rate.
        
        adrenocorticotropic hormone
        
        ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete hormones that help the body cope with stress.
        
        Adrenal cortex changing
        
        follicle stimulating hormone
        
        produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior lobe and together referred as gonadotropins
        
        These hormones act on the gonads stimulating maturation of sex cells and inducing the secretion of sex hormones.
        
        FSH and LH stimulate the maturation of the egg containing ovarian follicles and the secretion of androgens, estrogens and progesterone from cells in the ovary.
        
        LH signals the secretion of androgens by interstitial cells in tesetes and FSH stimulate the maturation of sprem cells and the production of androgen binding protein by cells in the sperm forming tubules
        
        prolactin
        
        produced by prolactin cells in the anterion lobe
        
        PRL targets the milk producing glands in the breast, the lactiferous glands and stimulates the manufacture of milk.
        
        melanocyte stimulation hormone
        
        formed from the precursor molecule produced by corticotropic cells
        
        MSH stimulates melanocytes to produced more melanin
        
        MSH fuctions in the central nevous system in CNS in appetite supression
        
        growth hormones
        
        somatotropic hormones is produced in the somatotropic cells, the most abundent cell type in anterior lobe
        
        stimulates growth of the entire body by stimulating body cells to increase their production of proteins and by stimulating growth of the epiphyseal plates of the skeleton
      - stores hormones
        
        posterior pituitary
        
        made in hypothalamus from cell body to axon and stored in axon terminal
        
        consists of nervous tissue that contains unmyelinated axons and neuroglial cells called pituicytes.
        
        antidiuretic hormones are made in the neurons of the supraoptic nucleus ADH also called vasopression, targets the kidneys. Kidneys respond by resorbing more water and returning it to the bloodstream
        
        oxytocin produced in the paraventricular nucleus , induces contraction of the smooth musculature of reproductive organs in both male and female.
        
        both oxytocin and ADH cause a desire to cuddle ,groom and bond with mate.
  - - - secretes melatonin and promotes sleep
      - regulate circadian rhythms
  - - - the adrenal medulla ,
        
        part of the autonomic nervous system, like a cluster of neurons than a gland.
        
        Its spherical medullary chromaffin cells are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons that secrete the amine hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood to enhance the fight or flight response.
    - - secretes a variety of hormones all of which are lipid based steroid hormones. It has three distinct layers.
        
        zona glomerulosa
        
        contains cell arragned in spherical clusters
        
        secretes mineralocarticoids kidneys retain sodium and water
        
        zona fasciculata
        
        cells are arranged in parallel cords
        
        secretes glucocorticoids maintain blood glucose levels stress hormones.
        
        zona reticularis
        
        cells are arranged in a branching network
        
        secretes glucorticoids and androgen and converted in other tissues to testosterone and estrogen
- - - - respond to a hormone depends on the presence of specific tissue cells
  - - - direct response to changing levels of ions or nutrients in the blood are said to be controlled humoral stimuli
    - - nerve stimuli
    - - sole purpose of promoting the secretion of other hormones