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Ch 23: Seed Plants II: Angiosperms (Monocots (Commelinoid Monocots…
Ch 23: Seed Plants II: Angiosperms
Changing Concepts About Early Angiosperms
wind pollinated trees were grouped together
subclass Hamamelidae
considered most relictual living flowering plants
adlers, elms, oaks, and plane trees
hamamelid studied
not relictual
wood contains vessels, fibers, and abundant parenchyma
not found in gymnosperms
flowers are simple
wind pollinated
no need for pollinators
not large or colorful
no petals or sepals
homoplasy
convergent evolution
ranalean flower
relictual
generalized
has all parts
sepals, stamens, and carpals
arranged spirally
carpals in superior position
angiosperms are monophyletic
double fertilization
flowers
developmental plasticity
monophyly
transition of gymnosperm to angiosperm
occurred Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous of Mesozoic Era
oldest wood from angiosperm
Aptian Epoch of Japan
unequivocal angiosperm wood
120 million yrs ago
125 million yrs
fruit and flowers appeared in Lower Cretaceous Period
forerunners evolved in Jurassic period
fossils consist of abscised carpals or carpals attached to a receptacle
Classification of Flowering Plants
Magnoliophyta
many families, genera and species
rare for entire group to be classified
1980s and 1990s monograph used
An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants
now two widely used books are used for reference
Plant systematic
A Phylogenetic Approach
flowering plants began to follow two distinct lines of evolution
monocots
#
one cotyledon on each embryo
leaves have parallel veins
leaves elongate and strap shaped
grass
lilies
irises
vascular bundles distributed throughout stem
not in ring
never have secondary growth or food
flowers arranged in groups or multiples of three
3 stamens
3 petals
3 sepals
3 carpels
eudicots
#
diverse
two cotyledons
reticulate venation in leaves
vascular bundles occur in the ring
can be woody, herbaceous, or succulent, or highly modified forms
flower parts occur in sets of five, sometimes 4, rarely 3
Basal Angiosperms
contain living descendants of several groups that originated while angiosperm a young clade
ancestors reproductively isolated from other flowering plants
sperm traits not originated yet
extant descendants
Amborellaceae
small trees in forests of New Caledonia
wood
contains tracheids
no vessels
little parenchyma
diecious
flowers
5-11 tepals
Nymphaeaceae
water lilies
soft bodied herbs w/ scattered vascular bundles
lack wood
stems must be submerged underwater
colorful flowers attract pollinators
Austrobaileyales
woody trees
bisexual flowers
stamens, carpels similar to Amborela
magnoliid
do not differ greatly from Amborellaceae and Austrobaielyales
wood similar to gymnosperms
lacks vessels, fibers and axial parenchyma
flowers have numerous stamens and carpals
not fused together into pistil
pollen grains
uniperturate
single germination pore
ex: laurels and avocados and peppers
Monocots
Commelinoid Monocots
Arecales
the palms
35,000 species
solitary trunk
scattered vascular bundles
leaves only occur near shoot apex
simple pinnate or palmate patterned
few species trunk prostate
palmetto palm
Sabal
few species trunks vines
Daemonorops
Poales
grass family Poacea, Typha, bromeliads, and sedges
sedges
4,000 species
wet, marshy areas
tiny reduced flowers and small dry fruit
have edges
stems triangular
bromeliaceae
tropical epiphytes
large, brightly colored inflorescences
some terrestrial
occur only in Americas
8,000 species
include
wheat
barely
oats
rye
corn
rice
sugar cane
grow in tight clumps, others spread by rhizomes or runners
shoot apical meristems tend to be near ground
wind pollinated
sepals and petals little importance
Zingiberales
contain some of most familiar house plants
Maranta
Calathea
canna lilies
Canna
gingers
Zingiber
Hedychium
large showy flowers
flowers have derived features
adjacent sepals fused together
form tube
same with petals
flowers bilaterally symmetrical
pollinated by insects, birds, bats
gynoecium is located belowe sepals and petals
1000 species
all tropical
soft, nonleathery herbs
leaves flat and broadened
have unique types of epicuticular wax
unusual hemicellulose and ultraviolet-florescent
Alismatales
found in swamps and marshes
partially or entirely submerged
no transpiratin
air chambers make buoyant
do not waste carbon energy by producing fibers
not needed for support
plants thin and delicate
little sclerechyma and almost no xylem
tissues lost or simplified
representative families
Aslismataceae
Sagittaria
aquatic herbs
Araceae
Anthurium, Caladium, Dieffenbachia, Monstera, Philodendron
evolution of distinctive inflorescence
Hydrocharitaceae
Elodea, Hydrilla, Najas
aquarium plants
Potamogetonaceae
Potamogten
Ruppiaceae
aquatic plants
Zosteraceae
aquatic plants
Liliales
petaloid
monocots w/large colorful flowers
presence of spots or lines on petals
rather ordinary nectaries formed @ bases of tepals or stamens
ornamental plants, mostly bulbs
contains
Lilium
lilies
Tulipa
tulips
Calochortus
mariposa lily
Fritillaria
Smilax
catbrier
tough, fiberous vines
leaves have petiole and broad lamina w/ reticulate venation
Asparagales
representative families
Agavaceae
Agave
Chlorophytum
Hosta
Yucca
Alliaceae
Allium
onion
garlic
shallots
chives
leeks
Amaryllidaceae
Amarylllis
Cape belladonns
Crinum
crinum lily
Haemanthus
blood lily
Hippeastrum
amaryllis
Hymenocallis
spider lily
Nacrissus
daffodil
jonquil
Asparagaceae
Asparagus
Asphodelaceae
Aloe
aloe vera
Gasteria , Haworthia
all w/ succulent leaves
Hyacinthaceae
Hyacinthus, Muscari, Scills
all ornamental bulbs
Iridaceae
Crocus, Gladiolus, Iris
Orchidaceae
Dendrobium
Epidendrum
Maxillaria
Ruscaeae
Dracaena
dragon tree
Liriope
border grass
Nolina
Sansevieria
mother-in-law's tongue
DNA synapomorphies unite group
nectaries formed in unusual way
carparls fuse side by side
septa
don't fuse up all the way up style
septal nectaries
Dioscoreales
only one family
Discoreacaea
important food crop
yams
unusual morphology
petiolate
broad leaves w/recticulate venation
believed to arisen 80-120 million yrs ago
lack secondary growth
ancestors probably herbs
gynoecia composed of several carpels
perianth consists of three outer and inner membranes
tepals
Eudicots
Basal Eudicots
Caryophyllales
cacti
Cataceae
iceplant
Aizoaceae
portulaca
Portulaceae
betalains
water-soluble pigments
may have lacked petals
endosperm develops only a little then fails to continue
nucleus cells proliferate
form nutritive tissue
perisperm
sieve tube plastids
phloem plastids contain deposits of fibrous protein
herbaceous
either no or little wood
time of origin 70-80 million yrs ago
Santalales
highly modified plants
most parasitic
sandalwood family
Santalum
parasitizes other tree roots
mistletoes
chlorophyll and photosynthetic
hemiparasitic
Viscum minimum
no chlorophyll
lives entirely within host plant
Ranunculace
flowers have little fusion of parts
flower has many stamens and carpals
numerous free parts
buttercups
windflower
clematis
Papaveraceae
poppy family
ornamental species
strong anagesic
opium
Rosid Clade
rose order Rosales
several small orders and two large groups
small group has few members but big significance
Vitales
grapes
Geraniacea
large clades
fabids
eurosids I
malvids
eurosids II
more than 100 families
more derived than basal tricolpates
highly relictual features
pinnatelt compound leaves
number of ornamental genera
fruits
almond
cherry
peach
plum
Fabaceae
legume family
beans
peas
peanuts
root nodules w/ symbiotic associations w/nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Asterid Clade
most derived large clade of eudicots
contains
sunflowers
periwinkle
petunia
morning glory
sister clade w/Rosid
originated 60 million yrs ago
3 features distinguish
sympetalous flower
just a few stamens
stamens alternate w/petals
exploit very specialized pollinators
lacks many specialized chemicals
instead iridoid compounds
deter or kill of animals
greatest number of species
60,000
lamiids
euasterids I
campanulids
euasterids II
many important for medicine
Apocynaceae
periwinkle
Vinica
Cinchona
constitute much larger group
pollen grains either have 3 germination pores (tricolpate) or some condition derived from colpate mechanism
flower parts arranged in whorls and not spirals
stamens well defined
