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democratic regimes (defining (principles (inclusion (everyone has…
democratic regimes
defining
democracy
political power exercise directly/indirectly through participation, competition & liberty
liberal democracy
scholars refer to it to indicate they're referring to a system promoting individual participation (elections, protest, etc.), competition (b/w parties, candidates), & liberty (freedom of speech, religion, association)
direct democracy
public participates directly in governance & policy making. hard to do in large countries today
indirect democracy
public participates indirectly through its elected representatives; the prevalent form of democracy in the modern age
principles
inclusion
everyone has democratic rights; cannot discriminate against minorities
equality
democratic rights & freedoms are distributed equally
rule of law
power of the state must be limited by the rule of law; no one is above the law
history of democracy
English nobles curbed power of King by getting him to sign the Magna Carta (1215)
rights of individuals gradually expanded
Roman empire allowed public to elect officials to legislative bodies
3 waves
2nd: 1943 to 1962
countries in Europe (Germany & Italy), Japan, & decolonization in Latin America Asia & Africa. Reverse Wave (1958 to 1975)
3rd: 1974 to 1990
started in Spain & Portugal, spread to Latin America. Easter Europe & FSRs after the fall of SU
1st: 1828 to 1926
countries in Europe, US, & Argentina become democratic. Reverse Wave (1922 to 1942): Italy & Germany became fascist regimes
3rd wave & beyond
elites are important too because "democracies are created not by causes but by causers"
2-turnover test: consolidation has occurred after 2 turnovers of power
causes
oil shocks, world EG, Catholic Church, snowball effects, influence of US & EU
illiberal democracy/hybrid regimes
governing system where elections take place but civil liberties & full political participation is restricted
birthplace in Athens & Ancient Greece, allowed public to participate in decision making
measuring democracy & freedom
institutions
categorize countries as 'electoral democracies' if they have functioning democratic electoral institutions
according to this metric, the % of electoral democracies has largely stayed constant since transitions following SU's fall
freedom
political rights
free& fair elections, competitive parties, opposition plays an important role, minority groups have a role in governance
civil liberties
freedom of expression, assembly, association. fair judicial system & equal opportunities
Freedom House Index uses a 7 point scale for 2 elements :arrow_down: & from these scores they categorize countries as 'free', 'partially free', or 'not free'
democracy in decline?
yes
increase in support for single-issue movements, populist candidates & anti-system parties
Foa & Monk present evidence for change in values of young people - declining support for democracy & its institutions, less participation, & more support for authoritarian alternatives
decline in voter turnout, party identification, & party membership
Arab Spring's failure
trust in political systems such as parliaments & courts has declined
no
Voeten looks at World Values Survey data & find lil support for people turning away from democracy. millennials aren't much different except in US
Brexit & Trump millennial voters were far fewer compared to support from older generations
ciritcla citizens less willing to defer to traditional elites, participating in new ways (e.g. online)
opinions on politics & democracy
World Values Surveys
ask people questions on their beliefs & values
1981 start, now covers almost 100 countries