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DNA (Transcription (3 stages (Initiation (RNA polymerase begins the…

- - - - RNA polymerase begins the process
    - - DNA s unwounded and RNA is elongated.
    - - RNA transcript is released, the polymerase detaches from DNA
- - - - P Site
        
        holds tRNA with the polypeptide
      - A Site
        
        holds tRNA carrying the next amino acid in the chain.
      - E site
        
        Where the tRNA exits ribosome
- - - - Forms mRNA
    - - Made of proteins and small RNAs
        
        Cut introns out of nucleic acids
  - - - Expressed nucleic acids
- - - - Replication Fork
        
        At the end of each replication bubble.
        
        y shaped region where DNA strand are being unwound.
      - origins are stretches of DNA with specific nucleotides.
        
        Proteins recognize the nucleotides and attach and separate the strands.
        
        This opens a replication "bubble"
    - - Helicase
        
        Untwist double helix at the replication forks
        
        Makes parental strands available as template strands
      - Single strand binding proteins
        
        bind to unpaid DNA and prevent repairing
      - Topoisomerase
        
        relives strain caused by the unwinding by rejoining/breaking DNA Strands
  - - - Done to each nucleotide by DNA polymerase during replication
      - If a incorrect pair is found
        
        Nucleotide is removed and synthesis begins again
      - Mismatch pairs can avoid proofreading
        
        Other enzymes will remove incorrect pair
    - - Nucleotide excision Repair
        
        Cuts DNA segment containing damage.
        
        Nuclease
        
        Cutting enzymes
        
        Creates gap that is filled w/nucleotides
        
        Gap is filled with DNA polymerase and DNA Ligase