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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (ENDOCRINE GLANDS (Anterior pituitary (Adrenocorticotropi…
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
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- Glands: anterior pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal.
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- Tissues/cells - GI tract, placenta, kidneys, skin, pancreas, gonads, hypothalamus, heart.
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Adrenal cortex
Zona fasciculata
- Secretes glucocorticoids help maintain blood glucose level - "stress hormone"
Zona reticularis
- Secretes glucocorticoids + androgens
- Convert in other tissue --> testosterone + estrogen
Zona glomerulosa
- Secretes mineralocorticoids - kidneys retain sodium + water
Adrenal medulla
- Medullary chromaffin cells - modified postganglion sympathetic neurons.
- Secrete amine hormones epinephrine + norepinephrine into blood
- Enhance fight-or-flight response
Parathyroid
Parathyroid hormone
- Increase calcium level when it detects it is low
Pancreas
- Islet cells - 2 types of cells:
Alpha - secrete glucagun - increase blood glucose level.
Beta - secrete insulin - decrease blood glucose level
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Thyroid gland
Thyroid hormone
- Increase metabolic rate - nutrient --> energy.
Calcitonin
- Active only in children - decrease osteoclast activity
Testes & ovaries
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Ovaries
- Produces estrogen + progesterone
Anterior pituitary
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Gonadotropins
- Stimulate gonads to release hormone
- Follicle stimulating hormone
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Prolactin
- Stimulation of mammary gland to produce milk
Growth hormone
- Stimulates growth of all cells + epiphyseal plate
Thymus gland
Thymus hormones
- To cause T lymphocytes to become immunocompetent
- Ability to respond to a foreign cell (antigen)
CONTROLLING ORGANS
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Posterior pituitary
- Store hormone - made in hypothalamus from cell body to axon - stored in axon terminals.
- Oxytocin (pitocin) - stimulates contraction of uterus.
- Antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin causes kidney to conserve water.
Hypothalamus
- Controls release of hormones from pituitary gland in 2 different ways.
- Stimulate releasing & inhibiting hormones of anterior pituitary.
- Stimulate oxytocin/antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in posterior pituitary
ENDOCRINE TERMS
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Endocrine cells
- Epithelial origin
- Organs contain only endocrine cells: pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla
- Some endocrine cells found in heart, digestive tract, kidneys, skin
Endocrine gland
- Glands secrete hormones into bloodstream
- Gland of internal secretion
Hormone
- Amino acid-based hormones - include modified amino acids, peptides, and proteins.
- Steroid hormones - lipid molecules derived from cholesterol.
Target cell
- A specific tissue cell influenced by a given hormone
- Ability to respond a hormone depends on specific receptor molecule
- Same hormone - different effects on different target cells