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Seed Plants II: Angiosperms (Monocots (Commelinoid Monocots (Zingiberales,…
Seed Plants II: Angiosperms
Concepts
Angiosperms
contain greatest number of living species
257,000
single division
Magnoliophyta
a.k.a. Angiospermopyta
angiosperm carpels
primordia crowd
grow shut
sometimes visible suture
sometimes no sign of seam
called closed carpel
develops into fruit
double fertilization
universal in flowering plants
basal angiosperms
primitively vesselless
having wood w/out vessels
lacked vessels b/c ancestors lacked them
secondary vesselless
had vessels
groups then lost them
other derived features:
pistil
fusion of carpels
sympetally
fusion of petals
zygomorphy
bilaterally symmetrical
Changing Concepts About Early Angiosperms
as knowledge of existing and fossil plants
becomes more complete
wind-pollinated trees
grouped togetther
"subclass Hamamelidae"
alders
elms
oaks
plane trees
concidered most relictual (a relic)
living flowering plants
ranalean flower
C.E. Bessey hypothesized
Magnolia
-type flower was relictual
flower generalized
has all parts:
sepals
petals
carpels
arranged spirally
100 years ago
Classification of Flowering Plants
two distinct lines of evolution:
monocots
only 1 cotyledon on each embryo
leaves usually parallel veined
vascular bundles throughout stem
not restricted to one ring
leaves elongate and strap shaped
never have ordinary secondary growth
flower parts arranged in multiples of 3:
three sepals
three petals
three stamens
three carpels
eudicots
two cotyledons
reticulate venation
vascular bundles one ring in stem
can be:
woody
herbaceous
succulent
flower parts arranged in sets of 5 or 4
rarely in sets of 3
Basal Angiosperms
early angiosperms
diverged into several clades
ancestors became reproductively isolated
extant decendants:
Amborellaceae
Nymphaeaceae
water lilies
small soft bodied herbs
vascular bundles like monocots
lack any wood
Austrobaileyales
uniaperaturate
pollen grains with single germination pore
basal angiosperms
monocots
Monocots
widely believed arisen from early angiosperms
#
80-120 million years ago
all monocots lack ordinary secondary growth
lack wood
tepals
perianth members
Liliales
"petaloid" monocots=old classification
many regrouped to Asparagales
recent DNA evidences indicates
smaller clade
11 families
1300 species
important features:
spots/lines on petals
ordinary nectaries
at base of tepals/stamens
Alismatales
aquatic herbs
found in swamps and marshes
partially or entirely submerged
Asparagales
large clade
many familes, species, and types of biology
morphologic and DNA synapormorphies:
most form nectaries unusually
septa
carpels fuse side by side
starting at bases
do not fuse all the way up
open areas secrete nectar (septal nectaries)
Dioscoreales
small order
one family
important food crop
yams
Commelinoid Monocots
unique types of epicuticular wax
walls have unusual hemicelluloses and ultraviolet-flourescent compounds
pollen and endosperm contains starch
Arecales
family Arecaceae
the palms
3500 species
solitary trunk (only few species have branched trunks)
scattered vascular bundles
leaves occur at shoot apex
simple leaves
pinnate pattern (feather palms)
palmate pattern (fan palms)
flowers
seldom seen
usually tiny (5mm) across
Poales
contains:
grass family Poaceae
8,000 species
hollow from top to ground
includes most food:
wheat (
Triticum
)
barley (
Hordeum
)
oats (
Avena
)
rye (
Secale
)
corn (
Zea
)
rice (
Oryza
)
sugar cane (
Saccharum
)
farmed crops as early 10,000 years ago
grass seeds account for 50% of all calories
cattle raised on grassland and corn
wind pollinated
sepals & petals
little importance
reduced to bristle-like structures
cattails (
Typha
)
grow in:
ponds
marshy areas
bromeliads
beautiful tropical epiphytes
large brightly colored inflorescences
occur only in the Americas
sedges and rushes
Cyperaceae
sedges w/4,000 species
have edges
stems triangular in cross section
Juncaceae
rushes
are round
and solid
plants of:
wet marshy areas
tiny reduced flowers
small dry fruits
Zingiberales
most familiar of all houseplants
Maranta
Calanthea
canna lilies (
Canna
)
banana (
Musa
)
bird-of-paradise (
Strelitzia
)
large showy flowers
pollinated by insects,birds, or bats
bilaterally symmetrical
3 carpels fused almost entirely
adjacent sepals often fused
forming a tube
same is often true of flowers
Eudicots
larger group than monocots
divided into numerous clades
more difficult to characterize
distinctive features:
pollen grains
3 germination pores (tricolpate)
or some condition derived from tricolpate mechanism
flower parts arranged in whorls
stamens have well defined filament (stalk)
Basal Eudicots
Ranunculales
flowers have little fusion of parts
many stamens and carpals
stamens may remain free
or fuse together
or fuse to carpels
buttercups
windflower (
Anemone
)
Clematis
Papaveraceae (poppy family)
ornamental species
Argemone
(prickly poppy)
Eschscholzia
(California poppy)
Papaver
(Poppies)
Papaver somniferum
(opium poppy)
milky latex
opium
morphine is extracted from opium
strong analgesic (pain killer)
herbs or shrubs
soft wood
hamamelid
sever families believed to be basal eudicots
large trees
reduced wind-pollinated flowers
usually in dangling inflorescences
many staminate flowers
few carpellate flowers
Platanaceae, sycamore (a.k.a. plane trees,
Platanus
)
small inconspicuous clusters of flowers
mature into tiny dry fruits
Caryophyllales
"core Caryophyllales"
cacti (Cactaceae)
iceplant (Aizoaceae)
portulaca (Portulacaceae)
bougainvillea and four-o'clocks (Nyctaginaceae)
spinach, beets, Russian thistle (Amaranthaceae)
carnations and chickweed (Caryophyllaceae)
especially important characteristics
other flowers have anthyocyanin pigments
Caryophyllales produce water-soluble pigments (betalains)
perisperm
nucleus cells proliferate
form a nutritious tissue
surrounds developing embryo
phloem plastids contain deposits of fibrous protein
Santalales
small order
highly modified
most are parasitic
sandalwood family (Santalaceae)
large tree
Santalum
sandalwood incense
roots make fine connections to surrounding plants
parasitizes them
common mistletoes (
Viscum
and
Phoradendron
)
Christmas decorations
have chlorophyll and are photosynthetic
hemiparasitic
holoparasitic
having no chlorophyll
Rosid Clade
named for rose order Rosales
two large clades
fabids (a.k.a. eurosids I)
malvids (a.k.a. eurosids II)
contain more than 100 families
no highly relictual features
pinnately compound leaves
14 large orders
50,000 species
Asterid Clade
most derived large clade
sister clade to rosids
distinguished by 3 features:
sympetalous flowers
petals fused together in a tube
few stamens
not more than number of petal lobes
stamens alternate with petals
exploit specialized pollinators
contain iridoid compounds
produce very potent chemicals
animal deterent
greatest number of species (60,000)
grouped into orders (Cornales, Ericales)
two groups of orders
lamiids (also called eusterids I)
campanulids (euasterids II)
extremely important medically
Apocynaceae (oleander family)
periwinkle (
Vinca
)
extracted:potent cancer drugs
vinblastine
vincristine
,