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Muscular system concept map (body movement (flexion (movement that…
Muscular system concept map
3 types of muscles tissues
skeletal muscle
cells are long, cylindrical , parallel and multinucleate
attached by tendons to bones
striated visible bonding
voluntary subject to conscious control
cardiac muscle
cells are long, cylindrical , branched, has single central nucleus
has striations
forms heart wall
joined to another cells at intercalated disc
involuntary
smooth muscle
spindle shaped cells with single central nucleus
has no striations
found mainly in hollow walls of organs and eyes
involuntary
body movement
flexion
movement that decreases angle of joint
extension
movement that increases angle of joint
hyperextension
extension beyond 180 degrees
rotation
movement of a bone around a longitudinal axis
abduction
movement of limb away from midline
adduction
movement of limb toward the midline
circumduction
proximal end of a limb is stationary and the distal end moves in circle
dorsiflexion
lifting the superior surface of foot towards shin
plantar flexion
pointing toe
inversion
turn sole of foot medially
eversion
turn sole of of foot laterally
supination
forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anteriorly
pronation
forearm rotates. medially so palm faces posteriorly
opposition
movement of thumb to touch tips of other fingers
anterior muscles
muscles of head
Frontalis
raises eyebrows
orbicularis oculi
blinks and closes eyes
zygomaticus
raises corners of mouth
buccinator
compress cheeks, as in whistling and sucking
platysma
pulls corner of mouth inferiorly
sternocleidomastoid
flexes neck; rotates head
masseter
closes jaw
orbicularis oris
closes and protrudes lips
temporalis
closes jaw
muscles of trunk
pectorals major
adducts and flexes humerus
rectus abdominis
flexes vertebral column
external oblique
flexes and rotates vertebral column
muscles of arm
biceps brachii
flexes elbow and supinates forearm
flexor carpi radialis
flexes wrist and abducts hand
flexor carpi ulnaris
flexes wrist and abducts wrist
deltoid
abducts arm
flexor digitorium superficiali
flexes wrists and fingers
muscles of thigh and leg
sartorius
proximal tibia
tibialis anterior
dorsiflexes and inverts foot
adductor muscles
adduct thigh
iliopsoas
flexes hip
hamstring
flex knee extends hip
posterior muscles
muscles of trunk
erector spinae
extends back
latissimus dorsi
extends and adducts humerus
trapezius
extends neck and adducts scalpula
muscles of arm
tricep brachii
extends elbow
extensor carpi radialis
extends wrist and abduct hand
extensor digitorium
extends fingers and wrist
muscles of thigh and leg
gluteus maximus
extends hip
hamstring
flex knee,extends hip
gastrocnemius
plantar flexes foot and flexes knee
soleus
plantar flexes foot
muscle contraction
steps of muscle contraction
step 1: nerve impulse reaches synaptic end bulbs and causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with neurolemma and release ach
steps 2 : ach diffuses cicross synaptic cleft, and binds with receptors on motor end plate of the muscle cell
step 3 : this causes receptors to change shape, and opens Na+ channels in sarcolemma
step 4 : electrical current is generated and is carried along sarcolemma, causes action potential
sliding filament theory steps
step 1 : nerve impulse or action potential travels down sarcolemma and into T-tubules, causing sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca++ into sarcoplasm
step 2 : Ca++ binds to actin myofilament, exposing the myosin binding site
step 3 : myosin attaches to actin, forming actin, myosin crossbridges
step 4 : myosin head moves toward m line of sarcomere,pulling actin filaments past myosin
step 5 : this action is repeated many times powered by ATP
step 6 : Z lines get closer together as actin and myosin filaments slide past each other, and sarcomeres shorten H zone disasters shortening the entire myofibril
levels of skeletal muscles
muscle
a muscle consists of hundreds to thousands of muscle cells, plus connective tissue wrapping, blood vessels, and nerve fibers
covered externally by the epimysium
fascicle
a fascicle is a discrete bundle of muscle cells, segregated from the rest of the muscle by a connective tissue sheath
surrounded by perimysium
muscle fiber
a muscle fiber is an elongated multinucleate cell; it has banded appearance
surrounded by endomysium
myofibril
myofibrils are rodlike contractile elements that occupy most of the muscle cell volume. composed of sarcomeres arranged end to end they appear banded, and bands of adjacent myofibrils are aligned
sarcomere
a sarcomere is the contractile unit, composed of myofilaments made up of contractile proteins
myofilament
contractile myofilaments are of two types thick and thin. thick filaments contain bundled myosin molecules; thin filaments contain actin molecules. the sliding of the thin filaments past the thick filaments produces muscle shortening. elastic filaments provide elastic recoil when tension is released and help maintain myofilament organization