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Course Mind map, Seed Plants II : Angiosperms (Concepts (Angiosperm…

- - - - develops into a fruit.
- - - - palms
    - - Typha
    - - Canna lilies
- - - - Fabids
      - malvids
    - - have iridoid compounds
      - lamiids
      - campanulids
- - - - develops into a fruit.
- - - - palms
    - - Typha
    - - Canna lilies
- - - - Fabids
      - malvids
    - - have iridoid compounds
      - lamiids
      - campanulids
- - - - Producing offspring that have identical copies of the parental genes
      - generating new individuals that are genetically different from the parents.
  - - - in multicellular organisms is a form of asexual reproduction in which an organism is split into fragments. Each of these fragments develop into matured, fully grown individuals that are identical to their parents
  - - - Diploid adults have sex organs that produce haploid sex cell gametes, either sperm or eggs, by meiosis.
      - Sporophyte phase
        
        sporophytes are always diploid.
      - Gametes can fuse with other gametes in a process called syngami.
        
        Plant spores undergoes mitosis and grows into an entire new haploid plant called gametophyte.
        
        Mammalian gametes are of two types
        
        microgametes
        
        They are small sperm cells.
        
        microgametophytes (male)
        
        grown from microspores
        
        megagametophyte ( female)
        
        grown from megaspores
        
        megagametes
        
        also known as oogamy.
      - Alternation of generation consist of a life cycle with two generations- sporophyte and gametophyte.
    - - The flower structure is a pedicel
      - flower parts are attached in receptacle.
      - Complete flowers have four types of appendages that are : sepals, petals, stamens and carpels.
      - Incomplete flower lack one or two of the four basic floral appendages.
      - Sepals
        
        these are lowermost and outermost of the four floral appendages.
      - Petals
        
        petals together make up corolla. Sepal and petals together constitute flower's perinath.
      - Stamens
        
        Above the petals are stamens, collectively called androecium.
        
        have two parts
        
        filament
        
        it is the stalk.
        
        anther
        
        pollen is produced here.
        
        neighboring anther cells in a layer called the tapetum act as nurse cells.
      - Carpels
        
        constitute gynoecium
        
        has three parts
        
        stigma
        
        it catches pollen grains
        
        a style
        
        it elevates the stigma to a useful position
        
        an ovary
        
        where megaspores are produced.
        
        inside the ovary is placentae
        
        it holds ovules.
        
        the ovule has a central mass of parenchyma called a nucellus.
        
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        Gametophytes
        
        Microgametophyte
        
        microspores develope into microgametophyte.
        
        microspores nucleus divides mitotically producing a
        
        Vegetative cells
        
        generative cells
        
        Megagametophyte
        
        embryo sac is multinucleate megagametophyte.
        
        The seven cells are one large central cell with two polar nuclei
        
        three small antipodal cells
        
        an egg apparatus
        
        consisting of two synergids
        
        and an egg.
        
        Fertilization
        
        Syngamy of sperm and egg involves both plasmogamy and the fusion of the protoplasts of the gametes and karyogamy.
        
        a large endosperm nucleus is established
        
        both sperm nuclei undergo fusions one with the egg nucleus and the other with the polar nuclei- the process is called double fertilization.
        
        Embryo and seed development
        
        Suspensor, which pushes the embryo deep into the endosperm
        
        radicle
        
        epicotyl
        
        hypocotyl
        
        albuminous seed are a mature seed in which endosperm is rather abundant.
        
        if endosperm is sparse or absent at maturity, the seed is exalbuminous.
        
        Seed coat
        
        The integument that surround the nucellus expand and mature into the seed coat.
        
        Fruit development
        
        As the ovule develops into a seed, the ovary matures into a fruit.
        
        has three layers.
        
        exocarp is the outer layer
        
        mesocarp is the middle layer
        
        endocarp is the innermost layer.
  - - - It is the pollination of a carpel by pollen from a different individual
    - - it is pollination of a carpel by pollen from the same flower or another flower on the same plant.
    - - self pollination is inhibited by compatibility barriers, chemical reactions between pollen and carpels that prevent pollen growth.
    - - stamen and carpels are the essential organs.
      - imperfect flowers lack either or both essential organs.
      - If a flower has both it is perfect flower.
      - sepals ad petals do not produce spores so they are non essential organs.
      - Dioecy is when individuals produce only staminate flowers or carpellate flowers.
        
        the life cycle consist of four types of plants
        
        microgametophytes
        
        megagametophytes
        
        staminate sporophytes
        
        carpellate sporophytes
      - Monoecy is the condition of having staminate flowers located on the same plant as carpellate flowers
    - - coevolution is a flower becoming adapted for visitation by a particular insect.
      - Flowers are actinomorphic , that is they are radially symmetrical.
      - bilaterally symmetrical flowers are called zygomorphic.
    - - grasses, oaks etc are wind pollinated species.
    - - inferior ovary
      - epigynous
      - superior ovary
  - - - determinate inflorescences
        
        has only limited potetntial for growth.
      - indeterminate inflorescences
  - - - Dry fruit are not typically eaten by the natural seed-distributing animals.
      - Fleshy fruit is eaten during the natural seed distribution process.
      - Dehiscent fruits break open and release the seeds
      - indehiscent fruits do not break open and release the seeds.