Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Chapter 13: Blood Vessels (13-1: Bloods vessels structures and functions…
Chapter 13: Blood Vessels
13-1: Bloods vessels structures and functions
Arteries: carry blood away from the heart
carry blood under great pressure, high in oxygen
tunica interna: surrounds lumen
a layer of endothelium, a basement membrane, and an internal elastic lamina
Tunica media: is the thickest layer composed of:
smooth muscle cells, and elastic fibers
Tunica Externa: is the outermost layer composed of:
Elastic fibers and collagen fibers
Arterioles: very small arteries, deliver blood to capillaries in tissues
vasoconstriction: decrease vessel volume, decreased blood flow, increased blood pressure
Vasodialation: increases vessel volume, increased blood flow, decreased blood pressure
Capillaries: smallest, thinnest blood vessels
Only made of a tunica interna
connect arterioles to venules
capillary exchange
diffusion: most common, substances include oxygen, CO2, glucose, horomones
vescular transport, bulk flow
Venules and Veins
venules: composed of a tunica externa and a tunica intima, cannot regulate blood pressure
Veins: have all 3 tunics but the media is much thinner than arteries and carry blood with low presure
Veins have valves, carry blood high in carbon dioxide and low in oxygen
Blood distribution: 60-70% in systemic veins and venules, 10-12% in systemic arteries and arterioles, 10-12% in pulmonary vessels, 8-11% in heart, 4-5% in systemic capillaries
13-2: Mechanisms that regulate blood flow
Pressure: liquids will flow from high to low
Arterial pressure: blood pressure, measured on arm
Peripheral resistance
vascular resistance, viscosity, and turbulence
Blood pressure: the pressure exerted by blood on the wall of a blood vessel
Pulse: the pressure wave that travels through arteries following left ventricular systole
Pulse pressure: difference between systolic and diastolic pressures
Arterial pressure: blood pressure
120/80 is a normal adult at rest
Capillary hydrostatic pressure vs blood osmotic pressure
100 mm Hg (aorta)
35 mm Hg (arterial side capillary)
13-3: Control Mechanisms
Autoregulation
Precapillary sphincters: alter peripheral resistance
Neural mechanisms
When blood pressure increases: dilate
When blood pressure decreases: constrict
The cardiovascular center and vasomotor center are in the medulla oblongata
Endocrine Mechanism
Hormones that increased BP: Epinephrine and norepinephrine, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Angiotensin ii, aldosterone, EPO
Hormones that decreased BP: Atrial natiuretic pepitide (ANP), histamine
13-4: Response to Stress
Extensive Vasodilation- peripheral resistance drops, capillary flow increases
Venous return increases- skeletal muscle contractions, increased respiration rate (respiratory pump)
Cardiac output increases- frank starling principle, bainbridge reflex
Short term hemorrhage- slow moving blood (liver, bone marrow, and skin)
Long term hemorrhage- ADH, aldosterone & increase thirst
Shock- hypotension, pale, confusion, weak pulse, no urine, blood pH goes down
13-5/6/7: General function Patterns and pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit
Cardiovascular divides into pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit
Pulmonary- vessels that carry blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, and the vessels that return the blood to the left atrium
Arteries of the pulmonary circuit: Pulmonary trunk, right and left pulmonary arteries, capillaries in lungs, right and left pulmonary veins
Arterial System: Aorta- ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta, abdominal aorta
Branches of ascending aorta: right coronary artery and left coronary artery (myocardium)
Systemic Circuit: the vessels that carry blood from the heart to body cells and back to the heart
Branches of Aortic Arch: Brachiocephalic, right common carotid, external carotid, (internal carotid), vertebral, (basilar),
circle of willis
, right subclavian, axillary, brachial, radial, ulnar, palmar arches
Branches of Abdominal aorta: inferior phrenics, celiac trunk, common hepatic, left gastric, spleen artery, superior mesenteric suprarenal, renal arteries, gonadal arteries, inferior mesenteric
Branches of common iliac arteries: external iliac, femoral
Venous system: Jugular veins, external and internal, median cubital vein, 2 brachiocephalic veins, superior vena cava, coronary sinus, hepatic portal vein
13-8: Fetal circulation patterns