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Ng_Benjamin_Block2_MM6 (Structure of Mitochondria (They have 2 membranes:,…
Ng_Benjamin_Block2_MM6
Mitochondria and respiration
Mitochondria (plural mitochondrion) is present in all eukaryotic cells
Mitochondria carry out aerobic respiration - the oxygen-dependent transfers of energy from glucose to ATP
Respiration is a reverse reaction of photosynthesis
Structure of Mitochondria
They have 2 membranes:
outer membrane
inner membrane
Outer membrane contains protein channels called porins that allow small molecules, ions, nutrients, and ATP through.
Inner membrane is more selective
water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide pass freely
other molecules use special transport proteins
The inner membrane also contains the proteins complex that comprise the mitochondrial electron transport chain
The inner membrane is folded into structures called cristae to increase the it’s SA/V ratio.
In the inner membrane space called the matrix contains the mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, and a majority of the other mitochondrial proteins.
respiration reaction
Fermentation
anaerobic respiration (can occur without oxygen)
evolved in anaerobic bacteria to empty NADH of e- (replenishes NAD+)
produces ethanol or lactic acid and 2 NAD+
3.KREB cycle (citric acid cycle)
aerobic (requires ETC with requires oxygen)
releases energy from pyruvate to e-
relays e- to coenzyme molecules (NAD+ → NADH; FAD → FADH2)
NAD+ and FAD each carry 2 e- to the ETC.
Glycolysis
anaerobic respiration (can occur without oxygen)
evolved in anaerobic bacteria to release energy to 2 ATP
produces 2 pyruvate and 2 NADH (electron carrier molecule)
Electron transport chain (aerobic)
Receives 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 from the other 3 reactions
releases energy from electron to ATP
produces 2 ATP per FADH2 and 3 ATP per NADH
(this process of ATP production is called oxidative phosphorylation)
Energy capture and transfer
sun
chloroplast
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Endergonic metabolic pathways
Endergonic metabolic pathways