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How successful was Edward IV in his second reign? (Finances (Positive…
How successful was Edward IV in his second reign?
Restoring law and order
Positive
Edward IV designated certain areas of the country under the control of certain nobles
Richard, Duke of Gloucester controlled the north from his power base in Middleham
"he governed those countries very wisely and justly in time of peace and war" (by Sir George Buck, 1619)
Edward IV was able to deal with the dispute between the Harrington and Stanley families
Disorder never returned to 1450s levels under Edward IV's second reign especially
Anne Crawford
Personally visited areas of unrest to survey
Shouted at John Paston????
According to
Anne Crawford
"by the end of his reign, the country was peaceful, the authority of the crown re-established"
Negative
By giving Gloucester such a power base in the north, once Edward IV died the groups factions
Edward IV was criticised for paying less attention to disorder created by nobles
Those either of "great might or else favoured by persons of great power"
Edward IV was unable to stop the execution of Ankarette Twynyho (1477) by Clarence
Unable to control his nobles
Edward IV failed to deal with the feud between Dorset and Hastings
Therefore, once Edward IV died the factions broke apart
However, just before his death he did make an attempt to solve it
Finances
Customs Duties
What is it?
Income tax from products like wool, leather, cloth, wine
Edward IV encouraged foreign trade
Positives
Increase in trade partly due to peace of 1470s
By 1473, revenue from customs duties had increased to £35000 p.a
(Had been £25,000 p.a)
Negatives
Foreign traders/powers may not appreciate their products being targeted
Especially affect Londoners, most foreign trade went through there
However, profits of traders would increase (and more stability)
Parliamentary grants
What is it?
6 parliaments sat for 24 weeks in total
Could grant Edward IV money if he faced threats
Positives
Could raise up to £30,000 in one go
Taxes were raised and provided £93,000 in total
(which was used on the French expedition)
Emergency measures
Positives
Edward revalued coinage and raised £17,500
Other nobles could buy the land confiscated
Negatives
Revaluing the coinage was not popular. Additionally, the people who were attainted wouldn't have liked
What is it?
Parliament was used to pass Act of Attainders which brought confiscated land to the king
Parliaments could levy a 25% fee for all land granted or reclaimed by nobles
Crown lands
Revenue from land owned by the King. Inherited a lot from the Lancastrians
Personal lands and personal income
What is it?
Inheriting land from his father (Richard Duke of York), gained feudal dues
Positives
£550 p.a from land
Benevolences:
£22,000 for French campaign in 1475
Edward IV's benevolences (basically forced gifts) shows his strength in that they did not lead to uprisings
Foreign pensions
Inheriting a lot from the Lancastrians
Church taxes
What is it?
'bullying' the church into giving Edward "tenths"
Edward IV gained £48,000 between 1472-75
Going against the church
Profits of justice
Royal Household
What is it?
The servants, residence, family of the monarch
Positives
Black Book of the Household to control finances
Ordinance of 1478
Outlined changes to the household spending. Austerity
A.R Myers explained that immediately after 1478, there was a reduction in spending
Negatives
Had the undertake the Ordinance of 1478 because the Black Book didn't help very much
Land management
Positives
The Act of Attainder of Clarence in 1478 allowed his lands to go to the crown and thus the revenue to go to the crown
This revenue helped a great deal in financing the Scottish war in 1482 without the use of taxes
Edward IV put estates under the direct control of royal receivers so that the revenue would go to the crown
Negatives
The late Earl of Shrewsbury's lands were leased to Hastings for £300 despite the fact that they were worth £1000
However, Edward IV knew the importance of land as a method to gain loyalty and political influence. Hastings was a firm supporter of Edward IV
Positive
Died solvent (without debt)
First king since Henry II to do so
Had £1,200 when he died
Though it would have been more but the Anglo-Scottish war of 1482 was costly
Christine Carpenter explains that Edward IV's financial success arose from his ability to "avoid a major war"
Crown revenue rose from £24,000 to £70,000
April 1478, debt of £13000 to London was paid
"Poverty had been one of the chief weaknesses of the Lancastrian regime. A relative affluence was part of Edward's strength." (Charles Ross)
Negatives
Only had £1300 upon Edward IV's death due to his costly Scottish campaign
The size of his family meant that lands which should have entailed £22-25000 were only giving Edward IV £10,000
Had gained a reputation for avarice
"single-minded pursuit of his own best inerests in a way which had become increasingly tyrannical"
Anne Crawford, The Yorkists
Proposed to live off his own means except in extraordinary cases
Largely kept this promise
Paid for 1482 Scottish war from his own pockets
"I propose to live upon mine own [ordinary revenue] and not charge my subjects cevept in great and urgent causes"
Foreign policy
Positive
Edward IV encouraged trade massively
Treaties to help trade
Treaty of Utrecht (1474), ending the Anglo-Hanseatic war and increasing trading
Trade boomed: 10,000 cloths p.a (1438-1459) to 13,500p.a (1479-1482)
Treaty of Picquigny (1475), enabling free trade between France and Englan
Treaty of Burgundy (1478), improving trade
Customs duties rose to
£34,000p.a after 1471
(had been £10,000 in first reign)
Burgundy
Positive
Treaty of Burgundy (1478)
Trading agreement
Treaty of Perpetual Friendship (1480)
Marriage agreement between Philip (Maximilian's son) and Anne (Edward IV's son)
Edward IV drove a hard bargain, Maximilian had wanted 200,000 crowns for the marriage agreement, but Edward IV instead refused and...
Maximilian replaced Edward IV's French pension
However, this meant that France was offended and stopped paying their pension
Her dowry was £25,000, but would double if Francis II had a son
Therefore, Edward IV and his son would have a stake in Brittany
Negative
Maximilian I allied with France
Brittany
Positives
Francis II did initially pledge his support for Edward IV
1481, Edward, Prince of Wales was betrothed to Anne (4 y/o heiress of the Duke of Brittany) as soon as she reached 12 y/o
Negatives
Was unable to guarantee Francis II's support when Edward IV invaded France
France
Positive
Improved trade
The Treaty of Picquigny (29th August 1475) helped to improve relations
Economic boost
Trading agreement
Edward IV gained £15,000
Edward IV gained a pension of £10,000p.a
Gifts and pensions were given to leading English nobles
The war could have been a costly defeat since many leading English nobles were involved. Could have caused instability
The Dauphin was to marry either Mary or Elizabeth of York and to provide a jointure of £60,000p.a if he were to die
Mary or Elizabeth would not have to pay a dowry
Meant that England could avoid a costly war
7 year truce
Louis XI agreed to ransom Margaret of Anjou for £10,000 but she would surrender all claims to nobility
Louis XI negotiated with Edward IV and offered him Zeeland and Holland if he supported him in crushing Burgundy
However, Edward IV remained neutral
Was this wise?
Negative
The Treaty of Picquigny (29th August 1475)
Edward IV had to give up his claim to Guienne and Normandy
Meant that he wasn't able to defeat France and claim the kingship of France
Looked like a failed expedition
He had reneged on his 1468 French campaign yet raised taxes and it seemed as though he was doing it again just to raise money. Upset people
Was unable to defeat the French
Treaty of Arras (1482)
Due to the death of Mary of Burgundy, Maximilian as Burgundy allied with France,
Margaret of Austria married the Dauphin of France
Previously the Dauphin had been betrothed to Elizabeth of York. Greatly angered Edward IV
Maximilian took control of Mary's children
Scotland
Positive
In 1474, a treaty was created
Prince James (son of James III) was betrothed to Cecily (Edward IV's daughter)
Guaranteeing a peace until 1519
Marriage agreement between Margaret Stewart and Anthony Woodville (1476)
Gloucester led a successful expedition to capture Berwick and Edinburgh
The English were able possess Berwick as part of the peace treaty
However, it was expensive to maintain the defensive capabilities of Berwick
Good for reputation
However, the war was very expensive for the English
Negative
Due to Scottish raids on the English border, Edward IV ordered a military expedition in November 1480
Lord Howard led naval raids but because Edward IV was preoccupied with Burgundy and France, he did not travel north so that there was never a land army
Despite no fighting, the preparations were very costly
Other nations
Holy Roman Empire
Denmark
Mary of York was betrothed to Frederick of Denmark (son of Christian I) but she died before the marriage took place
The Yorkist dynasty
Positive
He had a son, Edward, Prince of Wales
The Royal court was "befitting a mighty kingdom" by 1482
Had grand celebrations, such as jousting competitions (1467, jousting competition for the Bastard of Burgundy)
Negative
Edward, Prince of Wales was only 12 years old when Edward IV died
The Woodvilles were very unpopular because they were seen as parvenus
Clarence and Gloucester
Positive
Was able to execute Clarence on the 18th February 1878
Even though Edward IV is reported to have hesitated, he put duty above family relations to show he was a strong king
Edward IV did not allow Clarence to gain too much power
Did give Clarence Lieutenancy of Ireland to tide him over but it was largely a nominal position
Day to day running of Ireland was done by Sir Debenham
But this was good to prevent him gaining too much power
Took away Clarence's estates of Tutbury
Did not allow him to marry Mary, Duchess of Burgundy, even though Margaret of Burgundy suggested it. It would have given Clarence too much power over Burgundy which did have a claim to the English throne
Did not allow Clarence to marry Margaret Stewart, daughter of James III of Scotland, because it would have given him too much power
Edward IV mediated the argument between Gloucester and Clarence over Anne Neville, helping to resolve a reasonable outcome
Clarence was being stubborn but Edward IV threatened to take the land for the crown
Did take steps to please Clarence's greed
Lieutenancy of Ireland (1473)
Great Chamberlain of England (1472)
His son was made Earl of Warwick and Edward IV was his godfather
Negative
Edward IV made Gloucester too powerful, leading to a rivalry between him and the Woodvilles, culminating in his usurpation
Over-mighty noble
Potentially should have killed Clarence after he rebelled along with Warwick
Suggested weakness and an inability to put duty above family relations
Clarence pressured a jury to find Ankarette Twynyho guilty and then execute her. This was going above his station
It showed that Edward IV was unable to control his nobles
However, Edward IV upheld justice by giving Ankarette's grandson, Roger Twynyho a full retrospective pardon
Edward IV did not punish Clarence greatly for this
Government and administration
Meritocracy
Positive
Meritocracy
William Parr
John Fogge
John Scott
These people were able to govern lands due to loyalty for Edward IV
Promoted people from relatively low background
Succesful reconciliation
Sir Richard Tunstall
John Morton
Negative
The Dukes of Buckingham, Norfolk and Suffolk and Pembroke were never on the Royal Council
Buckingham rebelled in 1483 after Edward's death to side with Gloucester due to this resentment
William Herbert was frustrated that Anthony Woodville was given control of Wales at the head of a council
A personality as strong as Edward IV was able to keep the powerful nobles in check, but the minority rule of Edward V was unable
However,
Rosemary Horrox
explained that "the evidence [for enmities between factions] is so slight that it implies that any animosities had been held in check by Edward IV and only surface fully after his death. The speed with which they then became an issue, however, shows that they were real enough."
Royal Council and councillors
Positive
Edward IV employed a mixture of Yorkists and Lancastrians=
Edward IV favoured people of ability rather than birth right and status
Charles Ross explained that "Edward IV showed political realism in making use of talent wherever he found it"
Edward promoted people he trusted, but partly in order to increasing loyalty for Edward IV