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Industrial Revolution (Causes of the IR (Conditions in UK (Economical…

- - - - Increase in Food Production
        
        Better Farming Methods
        
        crop rotation (first year: first half of land for crops that remove nutrients from soil, other half for crops that put back nutrients into soil. Second year: first half for crops that put back nutrients, other half crops that remove nutrients) ensured that no land was wasted
        
        selective breeding: only the healthiest animals are used to breed, increased meat production
        
        Development of Machinery
        
        seed drill that planted seeds without manual labour
        
        Surplus Labour
        
        Provided the labour needed in factories for IR
    - - Increased the demand for food production
      - Increased the demand for textiles
        
        domestic producers think about expanding businesses
        
        incentive for producers to cope with the demands and make profits
        
        spurred technological advancements in textile industry (flying shuttle, power loom)
    - - powered railways and steamships
        
        created demands for iron, steel, coal, concrete, wood
        
        allowed large scale and rapid transportation of goods
        
        adapted for use in factories, allowed for large scale and rapid production of goods
  - - - Proximity to the sea
        
        coastal waterways, good navigable rivers which facilitated transportation of goods and raw materials
        
        canals connecting Britain's interior to Atlantic Ocean
      - Availability of Natural Resources
        
        Britain produced 90% of world's coal, needed a faster method of extraction to cope with high demand, paved the way for steam engine invention, which in turn created a higher demand for coal
    - - Political stability, peace, provided conducive environment for IR to take place in Britain
      - Government favoured IR
        
        Tariff regulations meant that there was a higher price on imported goods. Incentive for British to buy more goods produced by their own companies. Spurred the British to produce their own goods, to cope with rising demand
        
        Government banned the unions that protested against the IR
    - - Developed economic framework, banks and stock markets, could handle increases in economic activity
      - Bank helped to finance new factories
      - Stock market encouraged people to invest in companies
    - - Long Tradition of Skill
        
        could adapt easily to new factory system which was laborious and repetitive, workers had regular hours of work, different from the agricultural work hours which were dependent on the weather and hence irregular
      - Presence of Innovative Entrepeneurs
        
        Britain had the right people to exploit these advantages and resources. e.g. Richard Arkwright, inventor of spinning frame, founder of cotton factories
- - - - Bane
        
        laws protecting child workers decreased
        
        dangerous work conditions, can die or get injured
        
        children of increasingly younger ages employed in factories
        
        mistreated (e.g. factory owners beat the children to make them do more work or work faster)
        
        long work hours, can be from 5am to 5pm (12hrs)
        
        little to no pay, especially compared to typical adult pay (e.g. boys get 3 pence a day)
    - - Boon
        
        invention of machinery made mass production easier and faster, which meant more goods to sell
        
        increase in workers
        
        low pay to unskilled workers, pay less to workers, more profit
        
        factory owners grew richer
    - - Bane
        
        long working hours meant sleep deprivation, which made them more prone to accidents and diseases
        
        defective drainage and water closets, waste not properly disposed, poor hygiene, overcrowding caused diseases to spread quickly (e.g. cholera, typhoid)
        
        many deaths caused
    - - Boon
        
        allowed social mobility (move from one social class to another) through economic success, like working in factories (e.g. peasants could become middle class)
        
        made available, accessible and affordable education (for child workers)
        
        convenient travelling due to the imagination of the steam engine
        
        could afford more goods
    - - Boon
        
        IR allowed for mass production of goods, cope with the higher demand of goods
        
        the goods they bought, they sold at a higher price
        
        stable income