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ethnic conflict & terrorism (types of political violence (ethnic…

- - - - can be institutionalized or not
      - often used to justify conflict, but ideas can also constrain political violence
      - ideology, beliefs & values (religious fundamentalism, nationalism, communism etc.)
      - content of ideas matter less, it's their r/s with domestic political status quo that's important (e.g. religious fundamentalism probably wouldn't destabilize a theocracy)
    - - elites & masses driven by :arrow_right:
        
        psychological factors: violence as expression of desperation, the desire for liberation, way to restore meaning in life
        
        rationality & material incentives: actors strategically work out costs & benefits of violence to achieve political ends (regime/policy change) &/or material riches (resource wealth)
    - - weak states
        
        these states are prone to violent challengers because they are often corrupt & unable to provide opportunities, education, decrease poverty, or maintain the rule of law
      - participatory institutions
        
        conflict can occur when the institutions restrict representation & participation of particular groups (e.g. winner takes all election can increase likelihood of marginalization & conflict)
      - regime type
        
        authoritarian states foster challenges, but unrestricted in combating 'em. democracies have less challengers, but if challenged they may curtail civil liberties. transitional regimes are most prone to violent challenges
- - - - ideas
        
        norms of ethnic legitimacy & sovereignty
      - individuals
        
        feelings of injustice & denigration among ethnic members
        
        potential material rewards (e.g. more access to natural resources in the ethnic religion)
      - state & its institutions
        
        institutions that politically marginalize, discriminate against ethnic minorities
        
        weak states: corrupt government, poverty, indiscriminate counterinsurgency tactics
      - ethnic diversity
        
        inherently conflictual but many ethnically diverse countries don't have ethnic conflict
    - - undermine support groups engaged in conflict
      - 3rd-party intervention
        
        help secure peace settlements
        
        prevent humanitarian disasters
      - strengthen state, help economy, provide aid
      - partition
      - establish representative institutions (e.g. consociational democracy)
    - - goal: often autonomy/succession from the state
      - outnumbered, guerrilla tactics (ambushes, raids, hit-and-run tactics) are common. sometimes use terrorist tactics, targeting civillians
      - armed conflict b/w an ethnic group & another &/or the state
    - - what
        
        form of identity base don nominal membership in an ascriptive category. born into it, hard to change
      - 2 common types :arrow_right:
        
        ethnolinguistic (language)
        
        ethno-religious (religion)
      - why conflict is often along ethnic lines
        
        regionally concentrated
        
        norms of ethnic legitimacy & territorial sovereignty
        
        easier to mobilize: ethnicity generates trust & is easier to monitor
  - - - ideas
        
        religious ideology/apocalyptical beliefs. but can't connect terrorism to one religion/belief. ideas important though for justification
      - individuals
        
        feelings of injustice, denigration, giving oneself up for a greater good. but evidence shows that terrorist groups tend to be oriented around specific political goals & use well-coordinated strategies to try & change behaviour of states
      - weak states & institutions
        
        poverty & lack of education. but often terrorists aren't poor. states lacking mechanisms for public participation might be more relevant
    - - can suppress tourism, markets, economies
      - can make countries curtail civil liberties (e.g. which US has done)
      - usually unsuccessful in achieving dramatic long-term objectives
      - through instilling fear, they try to pave the way for revolution
    - - key: non-state actor; target civilians; political goals
      - states can be involved in 'state-sponsored' terrorism
      - use of violence by non-state actors against civilians to achieve a political goal, such as seeking change in regime/policy
      - is not :red_cross:
        
        non-state actor targetting a state
        
        state targeting civilians/another state = 'war crimes'/'human rights violation'
        
        ordinary random violence
  - - - mass uprising to fundamentally transform the regime
      - public plays a big role; goal is to control the state; want to remake the political institutions (& often economy & society) can be violent
      - is not :red_cross:
        
        negotiated transition: regime elites plan a transition
        
        uprising from secessionist ethnic group
        
        coup d'etat: elites remove & replace a govt
    - - weak states
        
        states weakened by war undergo reforms - they centralize, increasing their autonomy &capacity, but this creates dissent (e.g. French Revolution)
      - ideas & individuals
        
        protest for social justice & regime change
      - relative depravation
        
        rapid economic growth creates unmet expectations & triggers resentment (e.g. Iran 1979 & Egypt 2011)
    - - centralization
        
        can lead to more centralization of power & rejection of democracy (e.g. France, Russia, Iran)
      - violence
        
        afterwards
      - transform institutions
        
        paves way for new ideas & ideologies (e.g. Iran became an Islamic state, Russia a communist one)