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Endocrine System (Cephalic/Cervical Structures (Anterior Pituitary…

- - - - Anterior to brain stem, inferior to longitudinal fissure
    - - Produce growth hormone
        
        Stimulate growth of cells
        
        Growth at epiphyseal plate
      - Produce Thyroid stimulating hormone
        
        Stimulate thyroid to release hormones
      - Produce Adrenocorticotropic hormone
        
        Stimulate adrenal cortex to release hormones
      - Produce gonadotropins
        
        Stimulate gonads to release hormones
      - Produce Prolactin
        
        Stimulate mammary glands to produce milk
  - - - Posterior to anterior pituitary
        
        Anterior to brain stem
        
        Inferior to longitudinal fissure
    - - Store hormones in axon terminals
      - In conjunction with hypothalamus stores oxytocin and ADH
  - - - Superficial to the trachea
    - - Produce Thyroid hormone
        
        Increase cellular metabolic rate
      - Produce calcitonin
        
        Suppress osteoclast activity
        
        In children
  - - - Posterior portion of thyroid
        
        Four bumps on posterior thyroid
    - - Produce parathyroid hormone
        
        Increases blood calcium level
        
        Targets kidneys, GI tract, bone
  - - - Superior to the posterior pituitary
        Inferior, slightly anterior to thalamus
    - - Houses cell bodies which produce oxytocin and ADH
        
        Hormones stored in axon terminals in posterior pituitary
        
        Secretes and controls other hormones
- - - - Cardiac
        
        Pancreas
        
        Hypothalamus
        
        Gonadal cells
        
        Placental cells
        
        Gastrointestinal cells
        
        Skin cells
        
        Others
    - - Anterior pituitary
        
        Pineal gland
        
        Thyroid gland
        
        Parathyroid gland
        
        Adrenal gland
- - - - Inferior to the liver
    - - Alpha
        
        Secretes insulin to decrease blood glucose
      - Beta
        
        Secretes glucagon to increase blood glucose
  - - - Location
        
        Superficial to adrenal medulla, superior to kidneys, bilateral
      - Sections
        
        Zona glomerulosa
        
        Secrete mineralocorticoids
        
        Cause kidneys to retain sodium and water
        
        Zona fasciculata
        
        Secrete glucocorticoids (stress hormone)
        
        Help maintain blood glucose levels
        
        Zona reticularis
        
        Secretes glucocorticoids (stress hormone)
        
        Secretes androgen which is postprocessed to become estrogen/testosterone
    - - Location
        
        Deep to adrenal cortex, superior to kidneys, bilaterial
      - General Function
        
        Produce epinephrine
        
        Increase heart rate, blood pressure, sympathetic excitation
        
        Produce norepinephrine
        
        Neurotransmitter involved in sympathetic excitation
  - - - Function
        
        Produce testosterone
        
        Regulation of the reproduction system, emotions
      - Location
        
        Deep to the scrotum, inferior to the penis
    - - Function
        
        Produce estrogen
        
        Regulation of the reproductive system, emotions
        
        Produce progesterone
        
        Regulation of the reproductive system, emotions
      - Location
        
        Superior to the symphysis pubis, lateral to the uterus
- - - - Anterior to trachea, deep to sternum
      - Shrinks over time, replaced by fat
    - - Secrete thymic hormone
        
        Cause T-lymphocutes to become immunocomputent
      - Builds immune system as child develops