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(Gliederung (Menschenzentrierter Gestaltungsprozess für externe HMIs an…

- - - - A scenario, in the context of design work, is a form of narrative linked to the user’s (or persona’s) interaction with a system or product (Cooper et al, 2014) in (Lagström 2015)
    - - Vgl. Kapitel 6.1 Use Context in (Lagström 2015)
        
        6.1.1 Environment and Context definition
        
        various weather and light conditions
      - Benutzer und sonstige
      - Interessensgruppen
      - Ziele und Arbeitsaufgaben der Benutzer
      - Merkmale der Benutzer oder
      - Benutzergruppen
        
        Persona
        
        Different user models, or personas, are “detailed, composite user archetypes that represent distinct groupings of behaviors, attitudes, aptitudes, goals, and motivations observed and identified during the research phase” (Cooper et al, 2014) in (Lagström 2015)
        
        6.1.2 Persona (Lagström 2015)
        
        careful, self-confident and stressed Persona
        
        needs and scenario solution
      - Umgebung(en) des Systems
        
        Soziale und kulturelle Umgebung (Arbeitsweisen, Organisationsstruktur und Einstellungen)
        
        Technische Umgebung (Hardware,
        
        Software und Materialien)
        
        Physikaltische Umgebung (bspw. thermische Bedingungen, Beleuchtung, Raumgestaltung und Möbel)
    - - 3.2.1 Ermittlung der Anforderungen
        
        Eingabe
        
        Ausgabe
        
        Sicherheit
        
        Design
      - 3.2.2 Anforderungskatalog
      - functional requirements
        
        facilitate an interaction similar to the
        
        interaction that pedestrians experience when encountering manual vehicles (i.e. to replace the driver-pedestrian communication) (Lagström 2015)
    - - 3.3.1 Gestaltungsempfehlungen für den Informationstransfer
        
        Vgl. Kapitel 6 Design in (Lagström 2015)
        
        Goal: include the light functions without significantly changing in the design of the car (Willrodt, 2017)
        
        Kapitel 3.2 in Lagström (Human-machine-interaction)
        
        Wie funktioniert Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion
        
        Vision & hearing (Bohgarde 2008 in Lagström 2015)
        
        usability -> Wird im Gestaltungskapitel relevant
        
        Kognitive Prozesse (Wichtig um die Kommunikation zu verstehen)
        
        Wickens Modell der Informationsverarbeitung (Wickens, 2004)
        
        bottom up & top down processing (Wickens 2004 in Lagström 2015)
        
        Mental Models
        
        simplified versions of reality, and modified and complemented with increased experience of the system. Important to keep in mind the
        
        pedestrians’ established mental models of the traffic domain. (Lagström 2015)
        
        three general design criteria’s for information devices (Bohgard et al, 2008 in Lagström 2015)
        
        discoverable, recognizable and understandable
        
        Design principles that supports attention from the user (Bohgard 2008 in Lagström 2015)
        
        Minimize the time and effort for finding the information.
        
        Display information that is frequently used where it is easy to find.
        
        Proximity.
        
        Using proximity is show how information sources are connected with each other.
        
        Using multiple sources of information.
        
        To display a large amount of information it can be to advantage to divide the information on different sensory inputs, for example using both visual and auditory channels.
      - 3.3.2 Ableitung von Designüberlegungen
        
        Willrodt 2017: Ch. 5 & 6
        
        Lagström 2015: Ch. 6.3
        
        1m LED Strip with 60 LEDs
        
        3 alternative signal designs
    - - Methoden: z. B. Befragung,
      - Beobachtung, Simulation
      - Bewertungskriterien: Nutzungsanforderungen (ggf. in diesem Schritt ergänzen)
      - Zusammen mit Nutzern
  - - - AV im Fokus der Entiwcklung vieler OEMs
        
        tomorrow's vehicle fleet will become more and more automated, and thereby gradually transform the driver to a passenger (Lagström 2015)
        
        automated vehicles (AVs) able to take over the maneuvering control from drivers will become an integral part of the future traffic system (Anderson et al, 2014; Schijndel-de Nooij et al. 2011)
        
        hoher R&D Invest
        
        Bsp. Ford: wir bis 2023 4Mrd $ in
        
        AV Technologie in investieren
        
        https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/news/2018/07/24/ford-creates-ford-autonomous-vehicles-llc.html
        
        SAE Level 4 by 2021
        
        1Mrd $ Invest in Argo AI
        
        Automated Driving System ADS
        
        Automated Road Transport System (ARTS)
        
        bus-shuttle or robotaxi-like services, operated completely driverless, especially for the first and last mile of transport.
        
        Mixed traffic enviroment
        
        Adoption Rate of 24.8% and 87.2% of AVs in 2045 in the USA, depending on the public acceptance (Bansal & Kockelman, 2017)
        
        Anforderungen: sichere Interaktion mit anderen Verkehrsteilnehmern
        
        Fahrer wird zum Nutzer
      - Kommunikation zwischen
      - Fahrzeuge und VRU
        
        implizite Kommunikation
        
        vehicle movement
        
        soziale Interkation
        
        explizite Kommunikation
        
        als Grundlage für Entscheidungen
        
        Augen Kontakt
        
        effective understanding and
        
        coordination of future motion plans between different traffic
        
        participants
        
        Problem: Aktuelle AV fehlt es an Schnittstellen, welche
        
        die Mensch / Mensch Schnittstelle neu gestaltet
        
        Bisherige Forschung zum Thema AV bezieht sich vor allem auf den Fahrer
        
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        Sicherheitsrisiko
        
        non human like behaviour
        
        Fokus auf Kollisions Vermeidung
        
        schlecht vorhersehbares Verhalten von AV für VRU
        
        kein effizienter Fließverkehr
        
        Forschungsfrage: if there is a need to enhance the vehicle’s ability to communicate with pedestrians when introducing automated driving (Lagström, 2015)
        
        hohe Relevanz für Sicherheit
        
        im Straßenverkehr
        
        USA: 90% aller Unfälle sind auf Menschliche Fehler zurückzuführen
        
        Pedestrians’ Receptivity Toward Fully Automated Vehicles: Research Review and Roadmap for Future - Deb 2018
        
        tödliche Unfälle im Straßenverkehr betreffen nicht nur direkt die Opfer sondern auch die Gesellschaft. Es entstehen sozioökonomische Kosten in Höhe von 120 Mrd Euro / Jahr (Europäische Kommision)
        
        21% of all road crahses are pedestrians (European Comission 2017)
        
        37% in urban areas (European Comission 2015)
        
        Gesten
        
        vehicle based signals
        
        Lagström 2015
        
        focus goes from a good lighting of the street to a good signalization for other traffic participants (Willrodt, 2017)
        
        car-to-human replaces driver-to-human (Willrodt, 2017)
    - - Erkenntnisse zur Kommunikation zwischen Fahrzeugen und anderen Verkehrsteilnehmern durch externe Interfaces am Fahrzeug zu systematisieren
        
        Beschränkung auf Level 3 aufwärts -> vehicle has the possibility to conduct all driving tasks autonomously, while under the supervision of a driver (Lagström 2015)
        
        Markt- / Literaturrecherche zu eHMI zur Kommunikation zwischen hoch AV und VRU
        
        Analyse und Systematisierung
        
        der Ergebnisse
        
        insb mit Blick auf:
        
        Inhalt
        
        Form
        
        Explizit ns implizit
        
        Modalität
        
        In Bezug auf Kommunikation AV zu VRU (Fussgänger) im urbanen Raum (westliche Zivilisation)
      - Ableitung einer Gestaltungsempfehlung
        
        Analyse des Nutzenkontextes
        
        Anforderungsanalyse zur Gestaltung von
        
        eHMIs am Fahrzeug
        
        Ableitung von Gestaltungsempfehlungen für externe HMIs an hochautomatisierten Fahrzeugen zur Kommunikation mit anderen Verkehrsteilnehmern
    - - 1.3.1 Systematische Literaturrecherche
        
        Vorgehen
        
        Vorbereitung der Suchabfrage
        
        Kriterien
        
        Literaturarten
        
        Quellen
        
        TUfind
        
        ScienceDirect
        
        Vorgegebene Literatur
        
        Freie Websuche
        
        Durchführung der Recherche und sichern der Treffer
        
        Suchstrategien
        
        Wortfeldanalyse
        
        Schneeballsuche
        
        Vorauswahl treffen
        
        Beschaffung der Volltexte
        
        Content Analysis (Lagström 2015)
        
        Qualitative content analysis is defined as: “a research method for the subjective interpretation of the content of text data through the systematic classification process of coding and identifying themes or patterns” (Hsieh et Shannon, 2005)
        
        clustering printed or written qualitative data
        
        Vgl. Kap. 5.1.3 Lagström 2015 (Method)
      - 1.3.2 Menschenzentrierter Gestaltungsprozess nach DIN EN ISO 9241-210
        
        Verstehen und Festlegen
        
        des Nutzungskontexts
        
        Benutzer und sonstige
        
        Interessensgruppen
        
        Merkmale der Benutzer oder
        
        Benutzergruppen
        
        Ziele und Arbeitsaufgaben der Benutzer
        
        Umgebung(en) des Systems:
        
        Technische Umgebung (Hardware,
        
        Software und Materialien)
        
        Physikalische Umgebung (bspw. thermische Bedingungen, Beleuchtung, Raumgestaltung und Möbel)
        
        Soziale und kulturelle Umgebung (Arbeitsweisen, Organisationsstruktur und Einstellungen)
        
        Vgl. Kap. 6 Design in Lagström 2015
        
        Spezifikation der Nutzungsanforderungen
        
        Erarbeiten von Gestaltungslösungen zur Erfüllung der Nutzungsanforderungen
        
        Evaluation
  - - - tägliche Interaktion zwischen Verkehrsteilnehmern wird geregelt durch:
      - (Visser et al. 2016)
        
        Anpassung / Übernahme von Verhaltensmustern
        
        kann nicht direkt durch das
        
        AV design beeinflusst werden
        
        Verkehrsregeln
        
        individuelle Differenzen
        
        Erwartungen wie sich
        
        Verkehrssituationen entwickeln
        
        Großen Einfluss auf Entscheidungen
        
        (Houtenbos et al. 2004; Shor 1964)
        
        besteht aus:
        
        Björklund and
        
        Åberg (2005)
        
        Verkehrsregeln
        
        Gegebenheiten Strasse
        
        Verhalten anderer Verkehrsteilnehmer
        
        wird kommuniziert über
        
        implizite Zeichen wie:
        
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        informale Regeln / non verbale Kommunikation
        
        Bedeutung/ Wahrnehmung ist
        
        abhängig vom Kontext
        
        bedeutsam bei mehrdeutigen / komplexen Verkehrssituationen welche Interaktion benötigen (urbaner Raum):
        
        formale zu informale Regeln
        
        informal
        
        mit Verkehrsregeln korrespondierend
        
        sich jedoch aus Interaktion mit anderen
        
        Verkehrsteilnehmern ergebend
        
        non verbale Komm.
        
        implizite Zeichen
        
        Blickkontakt
        
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        Gesten
        
        Fahrzeug Bewegung
        
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        explizite Zeichen
        
        Blinker
        
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        nonverbal communication of today's drivers is necessary (Willrodt, 2017)
      - Vgl. Kapitel 5 The Changing Role of the driver in (Lagström 2015)
        
        AVIP (Lagström, 2015)
        
        Field Observation Study
        
        Four Behaviors (increasing amount of distraction)
        
        eye contact
        
        reading newspaper
        
        taking on the phone
        
        no driver
        
        right steered car modified to look like a left steered (Dummy steering wheel)
        
        right side windows covered with tinted film
        
        Questionnaire Study
        
        5 pictures of different driver states were showed and asked if you would cross
        
        emotional state of the pedestrians seems to be related to the attention they receive from the driver;
        
        Result: pedestrian's interaction is negatively affected by the introduction of AVs, primarily due to the change of driver behavior
      - Today, pedestrians interact with vehicles by interpreting various cues from the vehicle and the driver Lagström 2015
        
        vehicle-centric
        
        velocity
        
        distance
        
        time to collision
        
        social
        
        eye contact
        
        gestures
    - - zentrale Elemente Mensch - Mensch Schnittstelle müssen durch technische Elemente des AV ersetzt werden
        
        externe Interfaces
        
        visuell
        
        auditiv
        
        How will the pedestrian-vehicle interaction be affected by introducing an interface designed to enhance the vehicle’s ability to communicate with pedestrians? (Lagström 2015)
        
        Andere Interfaces (Lagström 2015)
        
        communication via wearable devices
        
        Gestenerkennung
        
        communication via infrastructure
        
        Menschliche Erwartungen an Fahrzeugverhalten als Gestaltungsgrundlage
        
        Informationsbedarf in Kategorien
        
        Schieben et al 2018
        
        Kategorie A:
        
        Information über Fahrzeug Modus
        
        Kategorie B:
        
        Information über nächstes Fahrmanöver
        
        Kategorie C:
        
        Information über Umgebungs Wahrnehmung des AV
        
        Kategorie D:
        
        Information über Kooperationsfähigkeiten
        
        AVIP: AUTOMATED VEHICLE INTERACTION PRINCIPLE
        
        How will the pedestrian-vehicle interaction change when the driver is not maneuvering the vehicle?
        
        (Lagström 2015)
    - - Was: Inhalt der Informationen welche über eHMI übertragen werden
        
        Kat A:Fahrzeug Modus / Driving mode of the AV / who is controlling the vehicle?
        
        whether to take the driver's behavior into account when interpreting a given traffic situation. (Lagström 2015)
        
        manuell
        
        autonom
        
        Kat B: Fahrzeug Manöver / Future State of the AV / whether the car will yield / when the car intends to drive
        
        Richtungsänderung
        
        Beschleunigen
        
        Bremsen
        
        Eyes on a car: An interface design for communication between an autonomous car and a pedestrian (Chang 2017)
        
        Fußgänger schätzen das nächste Fzg Manöver richtig ein
        
        what the AV is about to do: slow down, stay still or drive away (Lagström, 2015)
        
        car's stop and go function as extra reassurance for pedestrians
        
        Kat C: Wahrnehmung des VRU / confirmation that she/he has been noticed
        
        difficult to implement in situation with multiple actors (Lagström 2015)
        
        Signalisieren der Wahrnehmung
        
        AEVITA (Pennycooke 2012 in Lagström 2015)
        
        biomimetic vehicle-to-pedestrian communication concept for autonomously operated electric vehicles (Pennycooke, 2012)
        
        directional- speakers and headlights
        
        lights in the wheels that changes color depending on the proximity of the pedestrian
        
        folding joint mechanism which is used to change appearance and communicate things like activity and aggressiveness of the vehicle
        
        Eyes on a car
        
        eyes on the car: Jaguar / Landrover
        
        Eyes on a car: An interface design for communication between an autonomous car and a pedestrian (Chang 2017)
        
        Blick richtet sich auf Fußgänger wenn AV anhält
        
        84% Fußgänger suchen Augenkontakt beim Überqueren
        
        34% Autofahrer suchen Augenkontakt beim heranfahren
        
        https://www.obserwatoriumbrd.pl/resource/9655e945-464a-416e-84f7-94c98f682f44:JCR
        
        Studie mit Augen am Auto bei einem Fußgänger
        
        Übergang Szenario:
        
        Part 1 - ohne Erklärung
        
        Part 2- mit Hinweis (Auf Augen achten)
        
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        The “eyes” interface can help pedestrians to recognize the car’s awareness of them.
        
        The “eyes” interface can help pedestrians to confirm the street-crossing decision they made before actually crossing the street. It therefore offers “confirmation” or “insurance” for pedestrians.
        
        Pedestrian notification methods in autonomous vehicles for multi-class mobility-on-demand service
        
        E. Florentine 2016
        
        LED Band um das AV um dem Fußgänger anzuzeigen, dass er erkannt wurde (durch Farbwechel an kritischer Stelle)
        
        AutonoMI - 360° Display around the car following the pedestrian (Graziano 2014 in Lagström 2015)
        
        eye-contact replacement: System that informs the pedestrian that they have been noticed -> Clear change of intention when car is approaching the crosswalk (Lagström 2015)
        
        Fehlende Wahrnehmung
        
        Ghost Driver: A Field Study Investigating the Interaction Between Pedestrians and Driverless Vehicles
        
        Fußgänger überqueren Straße ohne Kommunikation mit AV
        
        Increased uncertainty about car behavior influenced movement speed:
        
        Pedestrians and cyclists appear to lack trust because there is no human driver, yet recognize the potential for greater trust because of the use of an algorithm instead of a human driver.
        
        AVIP (Lagström 2015)
        
        Fußgänger überqueren die Straße, Fahrer ist abgelenkt -> Blickkontakt behindert
        
        Kat D: Kooperationsfähigkeit
        
        Eyes on a car: An interface design for communication between an autonomous car and a pedestrian (Chang 2017)
        
        SAV2P -Löcken, Boll et al. (Hg.) 2017
        
        Ghost Driver: A Field Study Investigating the Interaction Between Pedestrians and Driverless Vehicles
      - Warum (Motivation)
        
        Kat A:Fahrzeug Modus / Driving mode of the AV / who is controlling the vehicle?
        
        seeing distracted driver is giving an unpleasant experience
        
        AV needs to show who is in control even when not in the presence of a crosswalk (Lagström 2015)
        
        Kat B: Fahrzeug Manöver / Future State of the AV / whether the car will yield / when the car intends to drive
        
        Yielding
        
        Giving the pedestrian feedback to cross as early in the interaction as possible
        
        Resting
        
        enforce that the vehicle is waiting -> calm emotional state
        
        Starting
        
        inform the pedestrian that the car is going to drive off.
      - Wie: Art und Weise in welcher Informationen transportiert werden
        
        Make Pedestrians feel calm (Lagström 2015)
        
        interface should try to express calmness in the interaction with a pedestrian.
        
        Modalität
        
        a system for communication between automated vehicles and pedestrians should incorporate different interaction modalities (Lagström 2015)
        
        Other modalities were regarded as technically unconceivable, and were therefore excluded from the detailed comparison. (Lagström 2015)
        
        auditiv
        
        Sound is the most attention grabbing sensory input. Ability to locate sound is very sensitive (Bohgard 2008 in Lagström 2015)
        
        Sound als Ergänzung
        
        Visuelle HMI von Uwelteinflüssen abhängig. Sound als Ergänzung
        
        "Adaptive and Dynamic to enviroment"
        
        How Digitalization and Automated Driving will revolutionize Automotive Lighting - Kahn 2017
        
        advantages (Lagström 2015)
        
        Attention grabbing
        
        360 degree input
        
        visuell
        
        light can be interpreted intuitively without reading or understanding a certain symbol or language (Willrodt, 2017)
        
        light allows information to be provided individually to several persons (Willrodt, 2017)
        
        If the system displays three or more states a visual system is better
        
        suited. (Bohgard 2008 in Lagström 2015)
        
        advantages (Lagström 2015)
        
        Not affected by headphones
        
        clear sender
        
        long range
        
        Form
        
        explizit
        
        implizit
        
        Augen am Auto (Jaguar /Landrover)
        
        Audi "the Swarm"
        
        low Speed behaviour: Explicit necessary
        
        high Speed: implicit eg. letting someone slipping into a gap by making space
        
        (Sorokin, 2017)
        
        Präsentationsform (technisch)
        
        Vergleich von: LED Bar + Speaker / Speaker + Ampel / animiertes Gesicht + Handy (Vibration) / Handschild + Ampel + Handy (Audio)
        
        Communicating awareness and intent in autonomous vehicle-pedestrian interaction - K. Mahadevan 2017
        
        Vergleich von: keine eHMI / Front Bremslicheter / Knightrider / Smiley /
        
        Text auf Wahrgenommene Sicherheit von VRU
        
        The Effects of External Human-Machine Interfaces of Automated Vehicles on the Crossing Behaviour of Pedestrians -G. K. de Clercq 2017
        
        Farbe
        
        green (strong connection to a traffic signal, can wrongly be interpreted as it is safe to pass which is might not be) (Lagström 2015)
        
        red (illegal to use in the front of the car)
        
        blue (used by police and rescue vehicles)
        
        amber (used by service vehicles)
        
        Es gibt eine Korrelation zwischen der Lichtfarbe und wie gut/einfach ein Signal verstanden wird
        
        Willrodt 2017
        
        Green light is a significant and intuitive way to communicate that someone should continue while red light signals somebody to stop
        
        Lichttechnologie als Signal
        
        directional headlights
        
        AEVITA (Pennycooke 2012 in Lagström 2015)
        
        Light in the wheels -> AEVITA (Pennycooke, 2012)
        
        LED
        
        LED Light Strip
        
        LEDs on Windshield (Lagström 2015)
        
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        Communicating Intent of Automated Vehicles to Pedestrians
        
        Habibovic 2018
        
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        Pedestrian notification methods in autonomous vehicles for multi-class mobility-on-demand service
        
        E. Florentine 2016
        
        SAV2P -Löcken, Boll et al. (Hg.) 2017
        
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        LED GRILL (Lagström 2015)
        
        could interfere with an important branding surface of the vehicle
        
        natural area of attention
        
        VIKTORIA SWEDISH ICT AND INTERACTIVE INSTITUTE
        
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        close to the pedestrians
        
        could result in the communication system being mixed up with other light signals
        
        LED Lights (rear, front)
        
        Mercedes F 015 - LED lights for communicating in the front and rear (Lagström 2015)
        
        How Digitalization and Automated Driving will revolutionize Automotive Lighting - Kahn 2017
        
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        The Effects of External Human-Machine Interfaces of Automated Vehicles on the Crossing Behaviour of Pedestrians -G. K. de Clercq 2017
        
        LED Display
        
        Evaluation of vehicle-to-pedestrian communication displays for autonomous vehicles -Clamann 2017
        
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        symbols or text by displays (United States Patent US 9,196,164 B1,2014 Sf)
        
        360° Display around the car (AutonoMI - Graziano 2014)
        
        Characteristics (Lagström 2015)
        
        Frequency
        
        Area/Motion (Bewegtes Licht wie bei KITT)
        
        Color
        
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        Projections
        
        on the road or ground / under or in front of the vehicle
        
        Audi e-tron Sportback concept
        
        How Digitalization and Automated Driving will revolutionize Automotive Lighting - Kahn 2017
        
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        "Digital Light Visual Communication and Perception" (Bogdanow 2017)
        
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        LASER PROJECTION
        
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        evaluation (Lagström 2015)
        
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        on the windshield
        
        Antropromorphic
        
        Augen am Auto
        
        Eyes on a car: An interface design for communication between an autonomous car and a pedestrian (Chang 2017)
        
        eyes on the car: Jaguar / Landrover
        
        animated Face
        
        Communicating awareness and intent in autonomous vehicle-pedestrian interaction - K. Mahadevan 2017
        
        imitation of a person's eye and mouth (Pennycooke, 2012 & Semcon 2017)
        
        biomimetisch
        
        (Passt seine Form an um einen Zustand zu kommunizieren zb. submission = zieht sich zusammen
        
        AEVITA - biomimetic vehicle-to-pedestrian communication concept for autonomously operated electric vehicles (Pennycooke 2012 in Lagström 2015)
        
        auditiv
        
        AEVITA: directional- speakers (Pennycooke 2012 in Lagström 2015)
        
        Mercedes F 015 verbal communication (Lagström 2015)
      - Scenario (Wann/Wo)
        
        Definition "Scene", "Scenario" und "Situation representation" in Willrodt 2017
        
        solutions for necessary communication of messages could directly be transferred to other use cases
        
        not necessary to define use cases but solutions to replace nonverbal driver communication (Willrodt, 2017)
        
        Fußgänger Überweg
        
        SAV2P -Löcken, Boll et al. (Hg.) 2017
        
        Eyes on a car: An interface design for communication between an autonomous car and a pedestrian (Chang 2017)
        
        Fußgänger - automated car - unsignalized crossing (no zebra) (Lagström 2015)
        
        Auto / Auto - Kreuzung - Rechts vor links - Hindernis
        
        Willrodt 2017
        
        Auto / Fahrrad - Rechts abbiegen
        
        Willrodt 2017
        
        Wann
        
        Touch points - vehicle-pedestrian interaction
        
        WHEN the messages should be communicated (Lagström 2015, S.40)
        
        Kat A:Fahrzeug Modus / Driving mode of the AV / who is controlling the vehicle?
        
        Always be visible when the vehicle is in automated mode.
        
        Kat B: Fahrzeug Manöver / Future State of the AV / whether the car will yield / when the car intends to drive
        
        Yielding: Show before the car has started to break when stopping in a crosswalk.
        
        Resting: Show when the AV has stopped and is waiting for the pedestrian to cross.
        
        Starting: Show before the AV drives off.
- - - - Strobe Lights
      - LED word display
    - - light ring around the windshield
      - Projection on street
      - Icon in windshield
    - - LED display (on doors, hood, roof, front grill or windshield)
      - projections (on road or windshield)
      - LED lightstrips (front, rear or around the vehicle)
    - - Animated Face
      - LED Strip
    - - light bar
    - - Display on vehicle
    - - signalling lamp