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Flowers and Reproduction (Flower Structure and Cross-Pollination…

- - - - they divide mitotically producing vegetative cell and a small lens shaped generative cell
      - The male gametophyte that develops from the microspores of heterosporous plants.
      - The pollen grains of gymnosperms and angiosperms are microgametophytes.
    - - The female gametophyte that arises from a megaspore of a heterosporous plant
      - made up of 7 cells; cental cell with two polar nucli, three small antipodal cells, and an egg appartus consisting of synergids and an egg
  - - - One of the male gametes fuses with the female gamete to form a diploid zygote whereas the other one forms a triploid endosperm by fusing with the diploid polar nuclei.
  - - - lowermost and outermost of the four flower appendages; thickest, toughest , and waxiest
      - they are modified leaves; they surround and enclose other flower parts while they mature
      - all sepals together are called the calyx
    - - they are located above the sepals, together making up the corolla
      - sepals and petals also make up the perianth
      - they are important to attracting the right pollinators based on their size, shape, color, and arrangement of petals
    - - they are above the petals, known collectively as the androecium
      - they are referred to as the male part
      - they have two parts
        
        filament and anther(where pollen is produced)
      - tapetum contribute to microspore development and maturation
    - - they constitute the gynoecium
      - three main parts
        
        style ( elevates the stigma to a useful position)
        
        ovary( where megaspores are produced)
        
        inside are placentae regions called ovules
        
        has a central mass of parenchyma called nucellus
        
        megaspores mother cells
        
        a stigma(catches pollen grains)
  - - - exocarp (outer layer skin or peel)
      - mesocarp (middle or flesh)
      - endocarp (innermost and is tough or may be thin)
      - all called the peticarp
- - - - microgametophytes
      - megagametophytes
      - staminate sporophyte
      - carpellate sporophytes
      - these include marijuana, dates, willows, and papaya
  - - - chemical reactions between pollen and carpels that prevent pollen growth
      - the plant cannot pollinate itself
- - - - determinate inflorescence
        
        limited potential for growth
      - indeterminate inflorescence
        
        lowest or outermost flowers open first
- - - - fruits containing only ovarian tissue
    - - nonovarian tissue is present
    - - one fruit that has developed from one single flower
    - - one flower that produces many tiny fruits clustered tightly together, like raspberries, blackberries and strawberries.
    - - fruits from many different flowers which develop closely together to form one bigger fruit, like pineapples, breadfruit and mulberries.