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Course Mind Map (Seed Plants I: Seed Plants Without Flowers (Gymnosperms),…

- - - - Trees up to 8.4 meters with abundant wood and secondary phloem
      - Reproduction in archaeopterids was heterosporous
    - - Integument and micropyle allow heterosporous reproduction
      - Microspores settled in the pollen chamber
    - - From shrubs to 12 meter trees
      - Vascular Cambium and Secondary Growth, but primary xylem looks like those of rhyniophytes and trimerophytes
- - - - Poales contain the grass family
      - All grasses are wind pollinated
      - Arecales is the order of the palms
      - Palm leaves occur at the shoot apex
      - Zingiberales contains familiar house plants
      - Large showy flowers are produced
  - - - Two large clades are fabids and malvids
      - Rosids have pinnately compound leaves
    - - Extremely important medically
      - Exploit very specialized pollinators that recognize complex floral patterns
      - It has no betalains
    - - Caryophyllales produce a group of water-soluble pigments called betalains
      - Santalales are highly modified plants that are parasitic
- - - - Leafy liverworts and thallose liverworts
      - Thallose liverworts are flat and ribbon like, and bilaterally symmetrical
    - - Elaters- single elongated cells with spring shaped walls
      - Zygote grows into a spherical mass and it produces spores
  - - - Morphology
        
        Moss stems are always slender and have little tissue differentiation
        
        Leaves of mosses did not evolve from the same structures as vascular plant stems and leaves
      - Water Transport
        
        Rhizoids small multicellular trichome-like structures that penetrate the surface of the substrate
        
        Hydroids and leptoids
      - Reproduction
        
        Sperms are produced in microgametangia called antheridia
        
        Eggs occur in the megagametangia called archegonia
      - Development
        
        Protonema- chlorophyllous cell undergoes mitosis and produces a branched system
        
        Protonema are perennial and grow extensively
    - - Due to incomplete cuticles moss gametophores dry out extremely fast if exposed to dry air
      - Some mosses are tolerant to desiccation
      - Mosses can grow on hard surfaces because they lack roots
    - - Nutrition for the zygote is provided by the grandparent generation
      - All moss sporophytes have a simple structure: no leaves, bracts, or buds.
      - Mosses are homosporus
  - - - Hornworts have a foot embedded in gametophore tissue but no seta or discrete sporangium
      - Hornworts have a columella that are multicellular
    - - Hornworts typically live for less than a year in temperate climates
      - Special mucilage chamber forms, cells lining the chamber then grow into it and become the antheridia
- - - - Remove phosphate groups from substrates
    - - Adding phosphate to substrates
- - - - Histones complex with DNA for protection and structure
      - Two identical chromatids
- - - - Intermediate= glucose & sucrose
      - Long= starch
      - short= ATP & NADPH
- - - - Naked stems, equal dichotomous branching
      - Xylem Structure of Early Vascular Plants
        
        Endarch protostele and exarch protostele
      - Prostate rhizome, and terminal sporangia
    - - Lateral sporangia
      - Enations increased photosynthetic surface area
      - Small herbs without secondary growth
  - - - Extinct and extant sporangia are in compact groups for protection
      - Some species became heterosporous, microspores and megaspores
    - - Lycopodium species are homosporous, spores germinate and grow into bisexual gametophytes
      - Selaginella is heterosporous
      - Ligule helps distinguish between the two.
    - - Lycophytes evolved from zosterophyllophytes
      - Differences: large enations, single trace of vascular tissue
      - True roots anchor firmly
  - - - Euphyllophytes are united by 3 synapomorphies
      - Their roots have exarch xylem, they have megaphylls, and they have a 30-kilobase inversion
    - - Classified as division Arthrophyta/Sphenophyta
      - Horsetails/scouring rushes
      - Umbrella shaped spoangiophore
      - Monopodial growth
    - - Three distinct types of Homoplasic structure
      - Enations/Microphylls of zosterophyllophytes and lycophytes
      - Leaves on gameotophytes of nonvascular plants
      - Megaphylls
    - - First appeared in Devonian Period
      - Leptosporangiate ferns
      - Fern sporophyte consists of a single axis
      - Eusporangia and Leptosporangia
    - - Overtopping and pseudomonopodial branching
      - 3 Genera of extinct plants: Trimerophyton, Psilophyton, and Pertica
- - - - Phosphorylation
- - - - Protonema are perennial and grow extensively
      - Protonema- chlorophyllous cell undergoes mitosis and produces a branched system
    - - Hydroids and leptoids
      - Rhizoids small multicellular trichome-like structures that penetrate the surface of the substrate
    - - Moss stems are always slender and have little tissue differentiation
      - Leaves of mosses did not evolve from the same structures as vascular plant stems and leaves
    - - Sperms are produced in microgametangia called antheridia
      - Eggs occur in the megagametangia called archegonia
- - - - Pioneers invade soil
      - ABC Horizons
    - - Latitude causes daylight to vary
      - High Altitude results in cold, windy habitats with poor soil
    - - Temp, rainfall, relative humidity, winds, etc.
      - Species can't survive if the habitat is not fit.
    - - A quick radical change in an ecosystem
      - Fire, landslides, floods, avalanches
  - - - Competitive exclusion
      - Competition results in natural selection
      - Individuals of Different/Same species cohabitate or compete
    - - Animals, fungi, and prokaryotes have interrelationships with plants
      - Fungi and bacteria described as pathogenic
    - - Modifies habitat while being a part of it
      - Modification are detrimental, neutral, or beneficial.
- - - - r-selected species are normally annuals and shrubby perennials
      - Disturbances by humans are not predictable
    - - K-selected species are able to survive with a scarce amount of resources
      - K-selected species face intense competition
  - - - Limiting factor controls the plant's success
      - Range depends on the plants ability to adapt to abiotic and biotic components
    - - Random
        
        Individuals have no identifiable pattern
      - Uniform
        
        All individuals are equally spaced
      - Clumped
        
        Space between plants is small or large, but rarely average
      - Allelochemics inhibition is allelopathy
- - - - Survival of the fittest
      - Does not always result from an agent outside the organism
    - - Ex: Volcanoes that produce poisonous gases and molten rock
      - Events to which organisms cannot adapt
    - - Carried out in conjunction with artificial mutation
      - Humans purposely change the allele frequency of the gene pool
    - - Only humans and other primates act with purpose and intent
      - Natural Selection doesn't include purpose, planning, intention, or voluntary decision making
    - - Existing alleles decrease in frequency
      - Population size determines significance of mutation
- - - - Allopatric or geographic speciation
      - Original divided into multiple populations that can't interbreed
    - - Mutations
      - Environmental diversity
    - - Species diverges into many species in a short amount of time
      - founder individuals: gene pool
  - - - Contribute to gene flow
      - Alleles that arise at different geographic sites come together through gene flow
    - - Many species have long- distance dispersal methods
      - Seeds can be moved by animals, or the weather
    - - 1 full haploid genome
      - Alleles present in pollen grains
- - - - No Limits
      - No O2 = no decomposition
    - - Heat and electricity
      - Volcanoes (produce lightning)
    - - Second Atmosphere: H2S, NH4, CH4, & H2O
      - First Atmosphere consisted of Hydrogen
- - - - Monohybrid Crosses with Complete Dominance
        
        Dominant and recessive
        
        Two effective alleles over one
      - Test Crosses
        
        Pure-bred lines
        
        Discover genotype
      - Crossing Heterozygotes with Themselves
        
        Gregor Mendel
        
        Plant fertilizes itself/selfed
      - Multiple Alleles
        
        Genes are polymorphic
        
        Concept of dominance is more complex
      - Monohybrid Crosses with Incomplete Dominance
        
        Neither parental trait dominates the other
        
        Parental Generation
    - - Replication fork and ligation
      - Mitosis or meiosis
    - - Genes on the Same Chromosome: Linkage
        
        Recombinant chromosomes
        
        Parental type chromosomes
        
        map unit
      - Crossing-Over
        
        Farther apart genes are greater possibility of cross-over
        
        If to close crossing-over won't occur
      - Genes on Separate Chromosomes: Independent Assortment
        
        Genes move independently
        
        Equal opportunity in reproduction
    - - Lethal Alleles
        
        Affects Basic metabolic functions
        
        Gametophyte dies w/o producing egg or sperm the allele is eliminated
      - Multiple Sets of Chromosomes and Gene Families
        
        Polyploid
        
        Nondisjunction
        
        Paralogs
      - Maternal Inheritance
        
        Pollen Parent and Ovule parent
        
        Genomes of plastids contain genes for several enzymes
    - - Effects of Mutations
        
        Almost always harmful
        
        Proteins cannot function
        
        Genes code for the wrong proteins
      - Somatic Mutations
        
        Never lead to sex cells
        
        Affect small portion of plant
      - Causes of Mutations
        
        transposable elements
        
        Mutagen
      - DNA Repair Processes
        
        Recognize and remove mutations
        
        Can't be perfect/ natural selection
    - - Synthetic Pathways
      - Several Genes may affect single trait
      - Pleiotropic effects
  - - - Minerals penetrate root
      - Protoderm, epidermis, and vascular tissues
      - Cells enlarge
    - - Cortex cells transfer minerals from the epidermis to the vascular tissues
      - Plasmodesmata
      - Root hairs increase absorption of water and minerals
      - Casparian strips
      - Lateral roots are initiated in the pericycle
    - - Quiescent center is inactive until it's damaged
      - No disruptions because leaf primordia, leaf traces, axillary buds
    - - Root hairs die and degenerate
      - Absorption of water and minerals greatly reduced
      - Endodermis helps keep water in against the root pressure
    - - Protection for the root apical meristem
      - Starch grains are digested, dictyosomes secrete mucus
      - Regeneration
  - - - Seed plants have singular prominent taproot
      - Fibrous root system
      - Most Monocots can't undergo secondary growth
      - Adventitious roots increase the absorptive and transport capacities
      - Lateral roots branch out
    - - Dictyosomes of root cap cells secrete mucigel for roots to ease through the soil
      - Root hairs increase surface area
      - Growth and length occur in the shoot
      - Respiration of root hairs + soil water = ions for the roots to absorb
  - - - Ectomycorrhizal and endomycorrhizal
      - Ectomycorrhizal doesn't invade, endomycorrhizal does
    - - Only some prokaryotes can use N2
      - Infection thread penetrates cells and allows nitrogenous compounds to form
      - Plant gives sugars to bacterium
    - - Become anchored and pull bulb deeper
      - Caused by changes in cortex cells
    - - Epiphytic, living attached to branches of trees
      - Velamen acts as waterproof barrier
    - - Secrete adhesive or grow around small branch or roots
      - Penetration occurs through force or expansion
    - - Grow above ground
      - Secondary growth makes roots woody
    - - Roots cling to tree and grow downward
      - "Strangles host"
      - Reach soil and branch out
    - - Long term storage for carbohydrates
      - Carbohydrates stored in root to produce shoot in spring
      - Annual plants can survive without storage
- - - - Xylem & Phloem
      - Plant is not circulatory
    - - tracheids & vessel elements
      - Helical, Scalariform, reticulate thickening
      - Vessels must absorb water
    - - Interior to epidermis
      - Secrete latex, mucilage, or pitch
    - - sieve cells, & sieve`tube members
      - Nuclei degenerate but remain alive
    - - Outermost surface
      - Elongate outward become trichomes
      - guard cells and stomatal pores form stoma
      - Stomatal pores allow photosynthesis to occur
    - - Xylem and Phloem occur together
      - Bundles are collateral