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7 - authoritarianism and democratic breakdown (text - O'Donnell &…
7 - authoritarianism and democratic breakdown
définitions
non-democratic political regimes - classical def
Aristotle : regime ruled by one (monarchy, tyranny) or by few ( oligarchy, aristocracy)
dictatorship : appears in Rome : temporal and legal solution in emergency situation
Paul Brooker, 3 periodes
Nazi & communists : one-party state
democratically disguised dictatorship : theoretical multiparty system and demo legitimation (China)
Napoleon : use of plebiscite to have democratic legitimacy
3 characteristics
Limited and selective access to the key resources and media to influence the political process (censure, repression)
no institution to ensure gvt do what citizens want
concentration of power in few ppl
typologies
McLean : historical forms
absolutism
autocracy
despotism
dictatorship
monarchy
oligarchy
tyranny
Duverger : based on goals
revolutionary
conservatory
Juan Linz : based in coercive extension
authoritarian : want passive obedience, depolitisation
totalitarian : reconstruct human nature and society / active support of the ideology
Sartori : based on origins
political
military
bureaucratic
democratic breakdown
diverse form
gradual authoritarianization : progressive --> Russia under Putin / Venezuela under Chaves
Aburpt breakdowns : military coups, popular revolts - Spain 1936, Chile 1973 (some coup d'Etat lead to democracy : Portugal in 1974)
diverse path
collapse due to pressure
revolution (Iran 1979)
election of authoritarian leaders (Nazism / Putin)
authoritarian emergence and persistence
pattern authoritarian persistence
substitution of one authoritarian regime for another (Iran 1979)
gradual change in policies or organizational structures
stratergie of persistance
repression, restriction, no information
economic growth + clientelism
the in-betweebners : hybrid and semi-authoritarian regimes, and blurred distinctions
can emerge from democratic or authoritarian regimes
2 scénarios
crisis of demo institution, corruption --> a leader emerges to save the country
authoritarian regime collapses --> new elites fill the vacuum : kleptocracy, corruption, new leaders save the country
text - O'Donnell & Schmitter,
Transitions from Authoritarian Rule :
Two groups
hard-liner : opportunists / opponents --> conservatives
soft-liner : need to do some democratic concessions to protect the authoritarian regime : if ppl criticize despite liberalization --> repression
transition to democracy
external : defeat + occupation by a democracy (Iraq)
internal : tension btw soft and hard
transition to authoritarian
will to do tabula rasa