Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
6- Democracy and democratization (defining democracy and democratic…
6- Democracy and democratization
Key concepts
3 structural dimensions
form of gvt
Monarchy : constitutionnel / parliamentary / absolute
Republic : parliamentary / presidential / people's / islamic
institutional allocation of decision-making
Institutions
formal rules, compliance procedures
Constitutions define the political institutions
nstitutional bundles: Division of powers; Electoral rules; Territorial organization ofthe state
Majoritarian / Consensual (Lijphart)
regimes
democratic
authoritarian
totalitarian
nature of the political power
defining democracy and democratic regimes
paradoxal term
Original meanin (Aristotle): rule of the many, degeneration : demagogues rule --> negative --> Kant consider it as despotism
mid-19th : liberal democracy --> positive image
pb of definition : positive image --> many different countries consider themselves as democratic
Complex term
type of political regime
political ideal
Source of legitimacy
debates
majority rule / rights of the minorities
role of the individual
sovereignty of the "people"
equality : political ? social ? economic ?
typologies of democracy
David Held
4 classical models
Republicanism
principle : equality and participation
features : division + balance of powers, direct participation + representatives, individual rights
conditions small communities, exclusion of women and labourers
Liberal representative democracy
principle : pursuing the "good" of individuals
features : popular sovereignty through representation, checks and balances, constitutionalism
conditions : autonomous civil society, competitive market economy, private ownership
Classical democracy
features : direct participation, sovereign assembly, no privilege, limited office-holding, office-holding paid
condition : small city-state, slave economy and domestic service, reduced citizenship
principle : political equality
Direct democracy
features : collective regulation, no delegation of powers to representatives, equality in access to offices, no professional army
conditions : ust one class, collective property, unity of state and society
principle : equality and end of exploitation
variants (deliberative democracy, participative democracy...)
Concept pf Polyarchy - Robert Dahl
responsiveness --> key characteristic of democracy, citizens must
signify their preferences
their preferences are equal
formulate their preferences
8 requirements for democracy
Right to vote
Eligibility for public office
Freedom of expression
Right of political leaders to compete for support
Freedom to form and join organizations
Alternative sources of information
Free and fair elections
Institutions for making gov’t policies depend on votes and other expressions of preference
différenciation of regimes
2D
degree of inclusiveness : people car participate or no
degree of liberalization : opposition possible or no
4 ideal-types
competitive oligarchies (opposition, few participation)
inclusive hegemonies (no opposition, large participation)
closed hegemony (no opposition, no participation)
polyarchies (opposition, large participation) --> closer to democracy
Limited or problematic democracies
semi Democracy : elections / limited civil rights, repression
"faulty" democracy : absence of responsiveness of voters
explaining regime change and democratization
structural factors : eco and social conditions
economic change
Przeworski : wealth doesn't creat demo but conserve it
Lipset : correlation btw wealth and sustainability democracy
Boix and Sotkes : wealth brings demo
Rise of the middle classe
Lipset : if eco dvt --> rise of middle class --> democratization
Moore : bourgeoisie is a critical actor (counter example of China and Russia)
Short term factors / strategic factors
opportunity for elite-level pact
weakness of authoritarian regime --> elites : pacts for transition to demo
controlling the military
Role critical : can be leagued (Portugal), ambivalent (Turkey), problem to control (Spain)
contagion / imitation
when a country becomes a democracy, neighbors want to
democratic transition and consolidation
waves of democratization (S. Huntington)
1943 - 1962 : some Euro + non-euro (India, Israel, Japan)
1970's - 1990's : southern and western Euro + Latin America + Africa
1828 - 1926 : primarily Euro country + AU, NZ,US + Latin America
Reverse waves
1920's-1940's : fascism, nazism, communism
1960's : military dictatorship in Latin Marica
difference btw transition and consolidation
transition : appearance of democratic principles
democracy impose itself as the only system that we couldn't leave