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Caitlin_Tan_Block4_MM4 (enzymes (inhibitors (competitive (reduces the…

- - - - activation energy
        
        amount of energy needed to push the reactants over an energy barrier
  - - - reactant an enzyme acts
      - enzyme substrate complex
        
        enzyme binds to its substrate
  - - - binds to the substrate
  - - - reduces the productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from terring active sites
    - - compete with the substrate to bind to the enzyme at to active site
    - - metabolic pathway is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway
  - - - protein's function at oe site is affected by the binding of regulatory molecule to a separate site
      - constructed from polypetide chains
      - subunits
        
        has own active site
        
        conformational state
        
        inactive
        
        catalytically
      - allosteric activators and inhibitors
      - cooperativity another type of allosteric activation
- - - - object not presently moving may still possess energy
      - energy that matter possess because of its location or structure
      - Chemical energy
        
        in order to araange their atoms they want to molecules store energy
        
        potential energy available for release in chemical reaction.
        
        example:
        
        Food molecules provide CO2
    - - measure the portion of a systems' energy that perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system.
        
        endergonic reaction
        
        one that absorbs free energy from its surroundings
        
        exergonic reaction
        
        proceeds with a net release of free energy
        
        process
        
        reactants
        
        transition state
        
        product
      - equilibrium
        
        in a close and open system
    - - energy that is relative to the motion of objects
        
        examples::
        
        pool player using a cue stick yo push the cue ball
      - thermal energy
        
        random movement of atoms
        
        heat
  - - - energy of the universe is constant
      - principle of conservation of energy
    - - every transfer or transformation of energy increases entropy of the universe.
      - entropy
        
        measure of disorder
      - for a process to occur spontaneously, it must increase the entropy of the universe
- - - - ATP phosphorylates transport proteins in and out of the membrane protein
    - - ATP phosphylates key reactants
        
        reactants
        
        Glutamic acid and ammonia
        
        product
        
        glutamine
    - - motor proteins moving organelles along cytoskeletal track
- - - - release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds
        
        cellular respiration
        
        sugar glucose and other organic fuels are broken down in the presence of oxygen to CO2 and water.
      - energy that was stored in the organic molecule becomes available to do the work of the cell
        
        example: Ciliary beating or membrane transport
      - Downhill reaction
        
        energy released in a pathway
    - - consumes energy to build complicated molecules from simpler one
        
        example: synthesis of a protein from amino acid
      - Uphill reaction
        
        energy stored