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MM6_Caitlin_Tan_MM6 (citric acid (Citrate losses CO2 molecules (compound…

- - - - uses 4 ADP + 4 Phosphate
      - form ATP
      - product 2NADH + 2H+
      - uses: 2 NAD+ +4e- +4H+
      - final product 2 Pryuvate +2H2O
    - - uses: 4 ATP formed -2ATP used
      - product: 2 ATP
      - use: glucose
      - product: 2 pryruvate + 2H2O
      - used: 2NAD+ +4 e +4H
      - product: 2 NADH +2H
    - - uses 2 ATP
      - produces 2 ADP and 2 phosphate
- - - - lactic acid fermentation
        
        pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as an end product with no release of CO2
        
        example: dairy product
      - alcohol fermentation
        
        pyruvate is converted to ethanol
        
        release Co2 from pyruvate
        
        acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol
        
        generates NAD+ needed for glycolysis
        
        examples:
        
        yeast
      - use when oxygen is scarce
      - Produces:
        
        ethyl alcohol
        
        lactic acid
  - - - reduction
        
        the addition of electrons
      - oxidation
        
        the removal of electrons
  - - - oxidation of glucose and other molecules in food
      - oxygen is reduced
  - - - NAD+
        
        presented in all cells
        
        helps in enzyme transfer electrons during the redox reaction of metabolism
        
        traps electron from glucose
        
        dehydrogenases remove pair of H atoms from the substrate
        
        oxidization it
        
        acts as an electron acceptor
    - - explosion
    - - no EXPLOSION
- - - - process
        
        then transfer from NADH to the flavoprotein of the electron transport chain
        
        flavoprotein then returns to its oxidized form as it passes electrons to an iron-sulfur protein
        
        removes electrons from food by NAD+
        
        then have iron-sulfur protein pass the electrons to a compound
        
        ubiquinone
        
        electron carrier is a small hydrophobic molecule
        
        not a protein
        
        other electron carriers
        
        cytochromes
        
        an iron-containing protein,
        
        in mitochondria and chloroplast
        
        FADH2
  - - - ATP synthase
        
        populating the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
        
        copies of a protein complex
        
        process
        
        rotor
        
        lets H+ flow down the gradient
        
        stator
        
        holds the knob stationary
        
        rod
        
        activates catalytic sites in the knob
        
        knob
        
        join inorganic phosphate to ADP to make ATP