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Course Mind Map, Nonvascular plants (9781284096040_CH20_FIGF01 (png…
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Nonvascular plants
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Liverworts 
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Sporophyte
The base of the sporophyte resembles a foot embedded in the gametophyte, and recently transfer cells have been discovered; therefore, active nutrient transport into the sporophyte must be occurring. Just above the foot is a meristematic region. (B) At a higher level, equivalent to Figure 20-32c, spores are mature.
A longitudinal section through the sporophyte. At the base is a meristematic region (A); higher, above the basal meristem, sporocytes (spore mother cells) undergo meiosis (B). At higher levels the spores become mature (C) and are then released (D). This type of continuous meiosis is unknown in plants other than hornworts.
Hornworts :The “horns” of a hornwort are sporophytes that grow continuously from a basal meristem. The lower part of the sporophyte is surrounded by gametophyte tissue.
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Alternation of Generations
Mosses
Liverwort life cycle
Moss life cycle
Megagametangia of true plants, such as these of a moss (A), also have a one-layered sterile jacket (B), but each produces only one egg, not four (×25). (C) This scanning electron micrograph shows the gametangia of a bryophyte (these are of a liverwort, but they are similar to those of mosses). The spheres are microgametangia in which sperm cells are produced, and the tubular structures are megagametangia, each with a single egg inside. The large flat sheets of cells are the leaves of this leafy liverwort (Fossombronia) (×50).
A) and (B) In mosses, the initial cell in the formation of either an antheridium or an archegonium lies on the surface of the gametophyte. Then cell divisions change this single cell into a mass that has sterile jacket cells and reproductive central cells. This pattern occurs in all mosses, liverworts, and vascular plants. The gametophytes of flowering plants are so reduced that the pattern is not obvious.
Archegonia
Antheridia
Protonema
Although most moss stems do not have vascular tissues, they do support the shoot, and most have a layer or two of thick-walled cells (stained red here). Sugars and minerals must be transported from leaves to the shoot apex, gametangia, and sporophytes; therefore, living parenchyma cells are necessary (×40).
A) Many moss leaves are only one cell thick, but the leaf “midrib” is thicker and is true parenchyma. (B) In the family Polytrichaceae, leaves bear long sheets of cells on their upper surface; this greatly increases the volume of photosynthetic tissue but does not decrease the high surface-to-volume ratio as it would if this were a solid tissue (×200).
Moss life cycle
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Seed Plants #
Division Progymnospermophyta: Progymnosperms #
progymnosperms, a third group to evolve from trimerophytes thats extinct
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Evolution of Seeds
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micropyle, a hole in the integument that permit sperm to swim to egg
pollen chamber, holding area
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Division Coniferophyta: Conifers # # # #
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leaves are simple, with one or two llong veins running down the center
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compound cones, a shoot with axilary buds
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Division Cycadophyta: Cycads # #
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Division Ginkgophyta:
Division Gnetophyta #
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Diversity
Diversity and Scale
species-area relationship, the relationship between area and species richness
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Transport process # #
Diffusion, Osmosis and Active transport
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Cellular respiration
Glycolysis
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Citric Acid Cycle
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Pyruvate oxidation,
Oxidative phosphorylation, Electron transport chain # #
Growth and division of the cell #
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