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3- State formation and development (Nation (varieties of nationalism…
3- State formation and development
City-states, empires and nations-states
relativisation of the statist form
Still some political organizations that are not states
States and pre-state cohabited where the colonial rule wasn't homogeneous (bands, tribes...)
nation-state appeared in the 15th-16th century --> not dominant in the history
Pierre Clastres : La société contre l'Etat : some societies refuse the state = not an evolution
How to classify the political organisations
two variables
differentiation of politics --> indistinguishable / distinct from all social roles
distribution of the legitimate use of force --> monopoly / plurality
examples
distinct / monopoly : nation State
indistinguishable / plurality : tribal system
medium : Greek polis
The origin of contemporary nation-state
around the 15th - 16th, in Europe
conditions
Social-cultural : Renaissance, classical thought
Political : monopoly of coercion, laws, bureaucracy to enforce the
Economic : long-distance trade
Military : infantry model, financed by taxes
process, not smooth : Resistance : internal conflicts (Fr in the 16th, Uk in the 17th)
The role of culture
Attachment to one major cultural features
homogeneous identity, one official language --> repression of distinctions
ideological loyalty to the nation
The role of territory
States are territorially bounded
1933 : Montevideo Convention. --> definition of the state : territory + gvt which controls it + relations w/ other states
Defining the state
Weber : political organisation with continuous operations with an administration staff that have the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force
State --> the "estates" (cf. French rev° : Etats Généraux, Trois Etats)
Key features
Differentiate politics
Institutionalize political relations
Territorial entity
Structure of governance and coercive power
Coercive power depends on citizenship
Recognized by other states, constitutional independence = sovereign
Hans Kelsen,
Théorie pure du droit
: people who depends on the same rules / a territory on which the rule is valid / a public structure that enforce the rules
Typology of states
Minimal state : ensuring law and order
Developmental state : gvt in partnership w/ private industry --> dvt
Social democratic state : secure equality of opportunity, intervention
Nation
"imagined communities" - B. Anderson, 1983
Group of ppl who identify w/ history, culture, language or myth
territoriality, self-determination --> right to organise own society
On the territory : diverse ppl --> impose unity --> inside other will of self-determination
appear in the 19th in EU, spread after WW2
Not an ideology : just agree on nationalism, nothing more
varieties of nationalism
civic-nationalism : everyone loyal to the state, regardless the origins --> inclusive
Ethnic nationalism : inheritance based on culture --> exclusive
Capitalism
The liberal state
respect the fundamental rights of individual (life, physical integrity, free thought, property)
Law is the general will, representative gvt --> consented = legitimated
State must respect the law (supreme law, separation of powers)
Capitalism is a driving force, the State doesn't intervene
Welfare state
extended rights : social rights, political rights
The state intervene to counterbalance inequalities
Legitimation : deliberation, participation
Theory of Esping-Anderson : 3 forms of state
Failed states
Strong state
Military : security
Predictable justice , arbitrate disputes
Politics : Political participation, human rights, legitimacy of the Gvt, stable institutions
Welfare service
Strength of the eco
Consequences of colonialism
imposed borders, often arbitrary and illogical
Try to follow the European model --> failure
Failing states
Corruption
incompétence
human rights abuses
military in politics
inability to protect the borders
globalisation is an explanation