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Cell Duties (protein sorting (secretory pathway (secreted proteins enter…

- - - - modify proteins
      - sorts & package proteins into labeled vesicles
    - - specific hydrolytic enzymes destined for lysosome
      - proteins to be secreted out of cell
      - proteins associated with new membrane
- - - - dissociation constant
- - - - docked ribosomes
        
        translating proteins with
        an ER Signal Sequence
      - encode signal sequence of amino acids that target ribosome to ER
    - - nuclear localization signal
        sequence (NLS)
        
        specific sequence of
        amino acids
        
        mutation can only be detected by cytoplasm, not GFP
  - - - phosphate is added by kinase enzymes and can be removed by phosphatases
      - important in signaling and activation processes
    - - ubiquitin added to a protein to be degraded
        
        marks it for destruction in a proteasome
    - - most common
      - adds sugar chains to either nitrogen or oxygen of R group
      - 2 possibilities
        
        secretion
        
        remain in plasma membrane
        
        modifies binding properties of extracellular receptor proteins
        
        formation of disulfide bridges give tertiary structure to extracellular domains
      - important in cell-cell recognition
- - - - M6P-dependent pathway responsible for transporting most lysosomal enzymes
        
        rough ER > golgi > M6P mark > vesicle bound for lysosome/ endosome compartment
  - - - lysosomes don't function well
      - biomolecule (lipids, oligosaccharides) build up causes "inclusion cells"
- - - - rapid & common
    - - require flippase
  - - - passive
      - simple diffusion
        
        through lipid bilayer
      - facilitated diffusion
        
        through protein
        
        specific to solute
        
        gated channels only open under certain conditions
        
        channelopathy
        
        molecular mechanism of channel disruption
        
        promoter mutation during production produces null allele
        
        processing
        
        conduction
        
        unable to pass ions effectively
        
        possibly messed up amino acid
        
        gating & activation
        
        response to ligand
        
        open/ close mechanism issue
    - - requires energy
        
        hydrolysis of ATP
      - against gradient
        
        gradient may have to be established first
  - - - quickly changes membrane permeability to water by increasing number of AQP's within 1 minute
        
        stimulated insertion of membrane vesicles containing pre-formed AQP's into plasma membrane
- - - - genes for proteins regulated to stop transcription
- - - - two classes of cancer genes
        
        tumor suppressor genes
        
        normally slows down cell division
        
        prevents genome instability
        
        proto-oncogenes
        
        promotes cell cycle progression
        
        most cancers require accumulation of multiple mutations in both oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes
      - enzymatic systems for repairing DNA damage disrupted
      - genomic instability
      - increased cell division
        
        loss of contact inhibition
      - less likely to die
        
        "immortal"
    - - inherited mutations
      - accumulated mutations resulting from lifestyle
    - - malignant
        
        cells have significant cancer-like changes
        
        loss of anchorage dependence
      - cells metastasize
        
        enter bloodstream and move to distant parts of body
  - - - CDK/cyclin complexes phosphorylate target proteins
      - differ for each checkpoint
      - cyclin leads to irreversible end of that stage of cell cycle