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Lau_Kaitlyn_Block2_MM4 (isolated, open, and closed system (open ((An open…
Lau_Kaitlyn_Block2_MM4
Metabolic pathways
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metabolism
all of the chemical processes (reactions) that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life
the total of all of an organism’s chemical reactions, which are organized into metabolic pathways
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system and surrounding
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when attached to the allosteric site, the inhibitor causes the enzyme to change to an inactive state
Allosteric regulation is any form of regulation where the regulatory molecule (an activator or inhibitor) binds to an enzyme at an allosteric site - a location other than the active site.
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allosterically regulated enzymes shape shape from an active conformation (shape) to an inactive conformation
In feedback inhibition, the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as the enzyme inhibitor
feedback inhibition usually acts at the first committed step of the pathway, inhibiting the particular enzyme of that step
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thermodynamics
first law
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trophic levels
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energy transfer
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During photosynthesis, plants can directly harness free energy (light energy), and use the energy to combine atoms (matter) of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, forming glucose molecules.
This process called photosynthesis produces glucose through a new arrangement of the already existing atoms (6C, 12H, 6O). The energy is simply used to hold the atoms together.
Free energy is passed to the electrons that form the covalent bonds between the atoms of the glucose molecule.
second law
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An isolated system will increase in entropy (S) until thermodynamic equilibrium is reached. Entropy is a measure of the number of different ways in which the system can arrange itself. Large systems with more parts have greater entropy, disorder and chaos.
relevance
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Biological systems can only tolerate a certain level of disorder (a level far below the maximum entropy level) before they lose their ability to support life
Disorder in biological system is caused by tissue damage (accidents, predation, disease, parasitism, etc.), old age, and ware-and-tear to the body or cell
Biological systems must use energy input to counter the drive toward maximum sustainable entropy – you and I must consume energy by eating.
Energy can be used to reverse disorder by powering biochemical processes that repair cellular structures, and tissue and organ damage
isolated, open, and closed system
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open
An open system (exchange both energy and matter) or closed system (exchanges only energy) can resist the drive toward entropy if there is a net energy input from the surrounding.
The biosphere is a relatively closed system that resists entropy by using imported energy to reverse the drive toward thermodynamic equilibrium.
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The total energy of an isolated system always remains constant, while the total free energy of an isolated system can change.
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It is a part of the total energy (enthalpy) of the system when temperature and entropy are excluded.
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Coenzymes bind to the active site of the enzyme and participate in catalysis but are not considered substrates of the reaction.
Coenzymes often function as intermediate carriers of electrons, specific atoms or functional groups that are transferred in the overall reaction.
Cofactors are often classified as inorganic substances that are required for, or increase the rate of, catalysis.
cofactors are typically metal ions such as Zn2+, K+, and Mg2+