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4- Beyond the state ((G)localism and secessionism (Secessionism (Approches…

- - - - Perrenialists : not all societies have nationalism, but some pre-modern did
      - Modernists : nationalism is a modern phenomenon
      - Primordialists : all societies have nationalism
- - - - Meso-level : state, region, province, county
      - Local, municipal
      - National / Central / federal
      - rise of new layers : city / supra or inter national
    - - international : cooperation, coordination, pool ressources, lend powers (World Bank, WTO, UN)
      - Supranational : pool sovereignty, tight integration
    - - EU can impose decisions on the states
      - EU can bypass national the gvt to implimebnte certain policies
- - - - Process by which politics, economics, culture, technology and provision of services operates in an integrated fashion across borders
      - incorporation of people in a single world
      - "global shopping mall in which ideas and products are available everywhere at the same time" Kanter
      - World wide social relations / events have a world wide reach
      - consciousness of the world
    - - decision-making layer is not the nation-state --> externalization of decisions --> erodes its power
      - Inter-dependcy of the states
      - democratic institution loose control
      - winners and losers
      - difficult regulation for the state
      - difficult global action
    - - rights & liberties not only granted by the state --> citizenship evolve --> post-national membership
      - national identité --> individualization + new collective identity (European, western, human) + subnational identity
  - - - tonal political manifestation : Turkish referendum / consequences of the Palestine-israel