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Psychological Therapies (Gestalt therapy (Problems come from people not…
Psychological Therapies
history
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1793
Philippe Pinel(psychiatrist) becomes famous for demanding that the mentally ill be treated with kindness
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1887
Nellie Bly (journalist) intentionally gets committed to Blackwell’s Island to investigate conditions
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therapy
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Eclectic approach
approach to therapy that results from combining elements of several different approaches or techniques
Types of Therapies
Psychotherapy
therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem talks with a psychological professional
Insight therapies
psychotherapies in which the main goal is helping people to gain insight with respect to their behavior, thoughts, and feelings
Psychoanalysis
based on the theory of Freud, emphasizing revealing of unconscious conflicts
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Psychodynamic therapy:
newer and more general term for therapies based on psychoanalysis, with an emphasis on transference, shorter treatment times, and a more direct therapeutic approach
Directive: actively giving interpretations of a client’s statements in therapy, even suggesting certain behavior or actions
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Biomedical therapy
therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem is treated with biological or medical methods to relieve symptoms
Person-centered therapy
a nondirective insight therapy in which the client (or person) does all the talking and the therapist listens
Nondirective: therapeutic style in which therapist remains relatively neutral and does not interpret or take direct actions with regard to the client
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famous people
carl rogers
three elements
Authenticity= the genuine, open, and honest response of the therapist to the client
Unconditional positive regard= the warmth, respect, and accepting atmosphere created by the therapist for the client in person-centered therapy
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Gestalt therapy
form of directive insight therapy in which the therapist helps clients accept all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences
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Behavior therapies
action therapies based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning and aimed at changing disordered behavior without concern for the original causes of such behavior
Applied behavior analysis (behavior modification): use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior
Can be effective in treating specific problems, such as bedwetting, drug addictions, and phobias
classical conditioning
Systematic desensitization: client is asked to make list of ordered fears and taught to relax while concentrating on those fears
Counterconditioning: replacing an old conditioned response with a new one by changing the unconditioned stimulus
Aversion therapy: an undesirable behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior
Exposure therapy: introduce client to controlled situations that are related to their anxieties or fears
Flooding: person is rapidly and intensely exposed to fear-provoking situation or object and prevented from making usual avoidance or escape response
Eye-movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR): client is directed to move the eyes rapidly back and forth while thinking of a disturbing memory
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cognitive theories
focus is on helping clients recognize distortions in their thinking and replace distorted, unrealistic beliefs with more realistic, helpful thoughts
types
Beck’s cognitive therapy
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Selective thinking: focusing on only one aspect of a situation while ignoring all other relevant aspects
Magnification and minimization: blowing a negative event out of proportion (magnification) while ignoring relevant positive events (minimization)
Overgeneralization: drawing sweeping conclusions based on only one incident or event and applying those conclusions to events that are unrelated to the original
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CBT has seemed successful in treating depression, stress disorders, and anxiety
CBT has been criticized for focusing on the symptoms, not the causes, of disordered behavior
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Psychotherapy
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Some types of psychotherapy are more effective for certain types of problems, and no one psychotherapy method is effective for all problems
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Five barriers to effective psychotherapy exist when culture or ethnic backgrounds of client and therapist differ
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example
K. is a 24-year-old Korean American. She lived with her parents, who were both born and reared in Korea before moving to the United States as adults. She came to a therapist because she was depressed and unhappy with her lack of independence. Her father was angry about her plans to marry a non-Korean. Her therapist immediately began assertiveness training and role playing to prepare K. to deal with her father. The therapist was disappointed when K. failed to keep her second appointment.