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Crime and Deviance (Functionalist & subcultural theories of crime and…
Crime and Deviance
Functionalist & subcultural theories of crime and deviance
Functionalist see the crime and a deviance resulting from structural tensions & the lack of moral regulations within the society
Crime & Anomie Durkheim & Merton
- the concept of anomie was find out by Emile durkheim to describe the undermining of traditional norms & standarts in modern society Anomie occurs when there are no clear standards to guide behaviour in a given area of social life under such circumstances people can feel deply disorientated. Durkeim saw crime & deviance as a social facts that both were inevitable & necessary
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Strain theory & anomie
the structural stain theory develop my Merton (1968) develop functionalist view whic explaining why in deviance arises
The theory states the origins of deviance that is the case in a gap between cultural goals and life chances
Merton argues that not all individuals have the same opportunities. People face a sense strain and anomie to the dominant rules about how to achieve succes
According to merton in a wee-inspired society people are use accepted & appropriate means to achieve the goals that society established means society are in balanced
Merton argued the disadvantage groups in society have only limited conventional opportunities for advancement or none at all .
There is pressure of 'stain' to try & get ahead lay any means, legitimate or illegitimate. This unbalance between cultural goals & structurally available means can actually lead an individual to a deviance behavior
5 models of adaption
Merton identified different 'models of adaption ranging from conformity most people display (4 form of deviance)
- Conformity Accept means + Accept goals + the non-criminal conformix citizen
- Innovation Accept means - Accept goals + Factors like poor education etc means cannon acviave the goals
- Ritianalism Accept means + Accept goals - give upon achieving goals but stick to meant
- Retreatism Accept means - Accept goals - like drug addicts
- Rebellion Accept means - (+) Accept goals - (+) reject existing social goals
Criticism of Merton view
- he takes means & goals for granted assuming that most of the people accept them
- he focus on dividing responses. Doesn't recognize that their is a social pattern that affect whole group of people
- no saying that their many outstanding respectable who are successful 'innovations' commiting crime as well
Albert Cohen(1971) & Cloward Ohlin (1960) there are focusing on the position of the group in the social structure how the group adopt in different ways to the starin facing them in achieving social goals. They were dealing with working class juvenile delinquency
Cohen
- argues that youths believe in the success goals of mainstream culture with failing education and having limited opportunities
- They experience status frustration as they are denied status in mainstream society is a matter of fact they react negatively to this & develop subculture with distinctive set of values, a delinquent subculture- which is reveal of accepted form of behavior
Evelution of Albert Cohen
- Cohen was cririsicised for making an assumption that young working class delinquents accept the mainstream values
- Miler (1962) argues that it is false Thus young people couldnt generate delinquent subcultures as a revenge & rejection & reaction against the mainstream as they never had them
- Malzain (1965) studies show that delinquency among young delinquents were not committed to delinquent values. They rather drifted in & out of occasional delinquency
Cloward Chain
- Argues that Coheins theory doesnt not provide for the various diversity of responses working class does youth engage in as result society goals locked
They suggest varies social circumstances in which working class youth live rise to 3 types of development subculture
1, Criminal subculture - is more developing in working class areas where their id established the pattern to adult crime
- Conflict subculture- emerge in socially disorganised areas where is hight rate of turn out & cnsequently lock of social cohesion
- Retreatist subculture- emerge amount the lower class who 'double failure' they turn to alchholism and drugs
Evaluation of Cloward & Ohiln
- they were criticized for exaggerating the difference between the types of subcultures
Miller (1962) he explaine the crime and devience in a case of working class subculture. its relate to males who by him is characteristic which miller calles focal concerns
Normal Behaviour
Emile Durkein argue that deviance has an important part to play in a well ordered society as we become aware of what is not deviant & there by learn the standart of society .
- In 1966 Kai Erikon published 'Wayward Pyritons' , he test durkheim theories his conclusion that the level of deviance in any community tends to be roughly equivalent to the communitys capable capacity for handing it as evident number of prison place, police etc
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The basic concept
Deviance is defined as non conforming set of norms that are accepted by a significant no. of people in a community
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