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Course Mind Map, Chapter 22: Seed Plants 1: Plants Without Flowers…

- - - - Incomplete dominance occurs when neither paternal trait dominates
- - - - Any change in DNA
    - - something that causes a mutation
    - - like a insertion sequence but longer and carries genes for proteins
- - - - spring and summer wood signify 1 year
    - - summer wood
    - - when growth ring has vessels located throughout
    - - vessels restricted to early wood
    - - spring wood
  - - - Conifers, pines and redwoods
    - - Has large amounts of fibers
- - - - Interfasicular cambium
        
        connects sides with fasicular cambia
      - Fasicular cambium
        
        Cells continue to divide here
- - - - spinach, beets, cacti, carnations
    - - sandalwoods,mistletoe
- - - - Arecales
        
        Known as the palms
      - Poales
        
        Cattails
      - Zingiberales
        
        bananas, canna lillies, and gingers
- - - - end of axis where other flower parts attach
    - - lowest and outermost flower appendages
    - - the flower stalk
    - - above sepals on receptacle
    - - the "male" part of flower
    - - located on highest part of receptacle
- - - - does not break open
    - - breaks open and releases seeds
- - - - flat and ribbon like has a body with roots, stems, and leaves
    - - resembles moss
- - - - narrow stalk between foot and sporangium
    - - apex of the sporangium
    - - apical sporangium
    - - responds to humidity
    - - ftissue interface that absorbs sugars, minerals and water
    - - cells from neck of archegonium that proliferate
  - - - Rhizoids
        
        small multicellular trichome-like structures
      - Protonema
        
        branched system that undergoes mitosis
      - Leptoids
        
        resemble sieve tube cells
      - Antheridia
        
        sperm cells
      - Hydroids
        
        conduct water and dissolved minerals
      - Archegonia
        
        egg cells
- - - - hairs that elongate outward
- - - - redwoods, douglas firs, bristle cone pines
    - - annuals, small shrubby perennials
  - - - Small or large space between plants
    - - Orchards and Tree Plantations
    - - no obvious pattern
- - - - Protists
      - Prokaryotes
      - Fungi
      - Animals
      - Other Plant Species
      - The plant itself
  - - - Latitude
      - Altitude
      - Soil
      - Disturbances
      - Climate
- - - - emerge from mid vein
    - - Branches from lateral veins
    - - eudicot has one mid vein
    - - Fibers arranged as a sheath
    - - mass of fibers above and below and give rigidity
  - - - main photosynthetic tissue
    - - Open loose aernchyma, lets CO2 diffuse
  - - - Water loss
  - - - More vascular bundles
    - - two small flaps of tissue at the base
- - - - internal organization of ordinary leaves
- - - - When molecules get rearranged to build more complex molecules
  - - - Includes gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet light, infrared light, microwaves, and radio waves in addition to visible light
    - - A set of waves
    - - Any material that absorbs wavelengths or light
    - - Photons absorbed by carbon dioxide molecules causing them to warm earths atmosphere
    - - A rise in temperature over the next century with detrimental consequences
    - - Works backwards of Photosystem I and produces NADPH effectively and moves electrons through the electron transport chain to produce ATP
    - - Happens in Thylokoid and Ferredoxin NADP reductase carries electrons
- - - - Electrons are added to an atom
    - - Often has great deal of oxygen
    - - electrons spend a lot of time around oxygen
    - - contains hydrogen
    - - the ability to force electrons onto compounds
    - - Oxidize materials they react with
    - - can place electrons onto other molecules reducing them effectively
  - - - Like cytochromes, transport electrons over short distances within a membrane and pick up two electrons
    - - A small protein carries electrons on a metal atom such as copper
    - - small proteins with cofactor, heme, that holds iron atom
  - - - Gets energy from sunlight and synthesizes ATP in Chloroplasts
    - - Energy from Anaerobic reactions, synthesizing ATP in cytosol
    - - Carries high-energy phosphate bonds
    - - Energy source comes from oxidations with oxygen, synthesizing in Mitochondria
- - - - energy wasting process
  - - - the light intensity or brightness
    - - The colors or wavelengths it contains
    - - the number of hours per day that light is visable
- - - - Can be turned back to carbohydrates
        
        Fatty Acids, Ethanol, and also lactic acid
    - - Abundant
        
        Toxic Product (Lactate
  - - - Toxic Product (Ethanol)
      - Expensive
  - - - Nontoxic product (water)
      - Cheap
- - - - Pyruvate goes to cytosol
        
        Electrons are transferred and CO2 ,NADH, and Acetyl CoA is made.
- - - - causes root hairs to curl
    - - Conversion of nitrogen to useful compounds
  - - - roots of parastic plants
  - - - Upper side grows more rapidly
- - - - Controls types of minerals that enter xylem
    - - Innermost layer of cortical cells
    - - Irregular region between vascular tissue and endodermis
  - - - Occasional cells that only have casparian strips
    - - Powerful absorption of water creating pressure
- - - - mass of similarly sized roots
    - - increase absorptive and transport capabilities
    - - Taproot developed from Embryonic root
    - - Branching roots from Seed plants
  - - - behind root cap and undergoes division and expansion
    - - extends out as narrow trichromes
    - - root cells secretion of complex polysaccharides
    - - Increases surface area and arent elongationg
    - - thick layer of cells that protect apical meristem