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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (GENERAL ANATOMY (ANATOMICAL DIVISION (UPPER…
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
GENERAL ANATOMY
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NASAL CAVITY
conchae create turbulence to increase contact of incoming air with mucosa, lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (PCCE) and functions to clean, warm, and humidify the air
PARANASAL SINUSES
maxillary, ethmoid, frontal, and sphenoid. lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, and functions to allow for the voice to be more resonant
PHARYNX
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. lined with PCCE and stratified squamous epithelium in nasopharynx, oro and laryngopharynx respectively. serves as passage way for air and food
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LARYNX: voice production, provides open airway, and protect the airway from chocking
GLOTTIS, EPIGLOTTIS, AND VOCAL FOLDS: the glottis `consist of the vocal folds and the slit-like opening between them, and the epiglottis is made of hyaline cartilage over the glottis
TRACHEA: has partial rings of cartilage, lined with PCCE, and anterior to the esophagus. functions as passage way for air to get into the lungs
BRONCHI: large---smaller, have cartilage, lined with PCCE, have smooth muscle
BRONCHIOLES: 1mm in diameter, no cartilage, no cilia and mucus, have smooth muscle
ALVEOLAR CELLS
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TYPE II: simple cuboidal cell, secretes surfactant to prevent alveolar walls from sticking together
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AIR PASSAGE: bronchi---bronchioles---terminal bronchioles---respiratory bronchioles---alveolar duct---alveolar sacs---alveoli
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANES: (1) simple squamous epithelium of alveolus membrane. (2) two pieces of basement membranes for both alveolus and capillaries. (3) simple squamous epithelium layer of capillaries. for easy exchange of gases
LUNGS: covered by visceral pleura, right lung has 3 lobes while left side has 2 lobes
DIAPHRAGM: contracts to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity to allow air into the lungs, relax to push air out of the lungs