Corrections

Jail: holds those awaiting trial, ran by sheriffs department, primarily county control. The majority of the people in jail are unconvicted citizens.

History of Corrections

Probation: conditional release of offender from incarceration, but not from legal custody of the state.

Types of inmates

Penitentiary (1790s-1860s): isolation and labor, separate vs. congregate, and reformation via suffering.

Convict Leasing (Post-Civil War South): "Plantation model" of corrections, incorporation of African Americans into correction system slave labor, "Slavery by another name", and "Slaves to the state"

Colonial Period (1600s- 1700s): Based on Angelica code, which incorporated fines and corporal punishment

Reformatory Movement(1870s-1890s): National Prison Association Meeting; Cincinnati (1870), inmate change rewarded by release, indeterminate sentences, separation of sexes, Elmira Reformatory (1876), Mark System.

Pennsylvania system vs. New York system

Pennsylvania System: Separate System, Quaker idea of reformation through isolation and repentance, walnut st. jail/ Eastern State Penitentiary, "Segregate"

New York System: Congregate system (isolated at night and work during the day), Auburn Penitentiary; NY, began contract labor system involving inmates, first to use stripes for inmate uniform.

Community Model(1960s-1970s): root in civil unrest; distrust in government (civil rights movement & Vietnam war), focus on reintegration & community programming.

Rehabilitation (1930s-1960s): progressive/medical model, focus on environmental & offender rehabilitation, Rehab via; medical/psychological treatment, vocational training, education.

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Crime Control(197s-2000s): "Nothing works", Get tough on crime; longer sentences, mandatory sentencing, 3 strikes legislation, and greater use of incarceration.

Goals for incarceration and prison: custodial model (keeping the offenders), rehabilitation model, reintegration model

Prison as institutions: different than other institution/organization (b/c they don't have willing clients)

Challenges: defects of total power, rewards & punishments, exchange relationships "perfect storm of abuse", inmate leadership.

Correctional Officers: 75% male and 25% female, 66% white

Use of force: self defense, defense of another, upholding prison rules, prevention of crime, prevention of escapes.

Mentally Ill Patients: de-institutionalization of mental healthcare, increase in use of prescription meds, outpatient w/ meds less expensive

Long Term prisoners: 20+ years, "natural life", transition into elderly inmates, issues of; mental health, programming, connection to community

Inmates with HIV/AIDS: 1.6% of state prison inmates, decline in AIDS related deaths due to treatment improvements, increased medical costs, programming/education

Elderly inmates: increased cost due to medical needs, security needs (the avg cost is $69,000 per year), programming & environmental needs

  • It's different depending where you live.

Violence in Prison: influential characteristics of prisons/prisoners.
1) Age: the younger they are the more violent they could be
2) Race: racial division, gangs
3) mental illness: prisoner v. prisoner, prisoner v. officer, officer v. prisoner

What does a probation officer do?

  • Attends court (new intermediate sanctions requested, update hearing, revocation, technical violation)
  • Write pre-sentence reports
  • Supervision of clients

Intermediate Sanctions: fines, restitution

  • Uses: attempts to keep parolee in community

Intermediate Sanctions by Judiciary
Types:
1) Home Confinement: requires telephone services, costly to offender, high failure rate
2) Community Service
3) Day Reporting: daily check ins, often requires programming
4) Intensive supervision probation (ISP)

Intermediate Sanctions by Institution & Community
Types
1) Boot Camps: shocking incarceration, youthful offenders, decline in use since 2000s
2) Concerns of Implementation
3) Institutional re-entry

Release Mechanisms:
1) Expiration Release: completes max court sentence
2) Mandatory Release: Max minus good time, released conditional parole supervision
3) Discretionary Release: Parole Board decision to release to parole
4) Other conditional release: furlougns, home supervisions, probation, emergency release, compassionate release

Juvenile Justice

Categories of case:

  • delinquent child
  • PINS: Person in need of supervision
  • Neglected child
  • Dependent child

History of juvenile justice

Juvenile Court Era (1899-1960): creation of separate court system for juveniles

  • Illinois Juvenile Court Act (1899)- term "delinquent"

Juvenile Rights Period (1960-1980): refinement of the court process & rights of juvenile

Refuge Period (1824-1899): Houses of Refuge/Reform schools

Crime Control Period (1980-2005): harsher punishment for juveniles

  • support of waiver to adult courts

Puritan Era (1645-1824): Massachusetts stubborn child law

  • "evil child", discipline at hands of the family

"Kids are different" period (2005-present): rehabilitation of child, family