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Corrections (Types of Prisoners:
mentally ill
elderly
HIV/AIDS
…
Corrections
Types of Prisoners:
- mentally ill
- elderly
- HIV/AIDS
- Long term
HIV/AIDS:
- special housing arrangements
- medical care for full range of symptoms
- once the leading cause of death among inmates
Elderly:
- special medical and security needs
-a high number of elderly in prisons
Mentally ill:
- deinstitutionalization of mental healthcare
- influx of mentally ill into CJS
- issues of costs, security, psychiatric units
Long-term:
- 20+ years
- transition into elderly inmates
- issues of mental health, programming, connection to community
Probation and Intermediate Sanctions:
- less expensive than incarceration
- recidivism rate no worse than incarceration
- re entry requires support and supervision to successful
Intermediate Sanctions:
- house confinement
- fines
- restitution
- forfeiture
- community service
Probation:
- officer attends court
- writes presentence reports
- supervises clients
The Criminal Justice System Goals:
- justice
- crime control
- crime prevention
Police take care of:
- investigation
- arrest
- booking
Courts take care of:
- charging
- initial appearance
- preliminary hearing
- information indictment
- arraignment
- trial
- sentencing
- appeals
History of Corrections:
- colonial period
- penitentiary
- reformatory movement
- rehabilitation
- community model
- crome control
Colonial Period:
- 1600s-1790s
- fines and corporal punishment
- rooted in religious philosophy
Penitentiary
- 1790s-1860s
- isolation and labor
- reformation via suffering
- separate vs congregate
Pennsylvania system:
- quaker idea of reformation
- Walnut Street Jail/Eastern State Penitentiary
New York System:
- congregate system
- Auburn Penitentiary, New York
- isolated at night, work together during day
- began contract labor system involving inmates
Reformatory Movement:
- 1870s-1890s
- National Prison Association Meeting, Cincinnati, 1870
- inmate change rewarded by release
- indeterminate sentencing
- separation of sexes
Rehabilitation:
- 1930s-1960s
- progressive/medical model
- rehab via medical/psychological treatment, vocational training, education
Community Model:
- 1960s-1970s
- root in civil unrest, distrust of government
- focus on reintegration and community programming
Crime Control:
- 1970s-2000s
- get tough on crime
- longer sentences, mandatory sentences, 3 strikes legislation, greater use of incarceration
Jail and prisoner rights:
- 1st amendment
- 4th amendment
- 8th amendment
- 14th amendment
1st amendment:
- Procunier v. Martinez (1974): mail censorship
- Turner v. Safley (1987): may restrict mail between inmates at different institutions
- RFRA
- RLUIPA
4th amendment:
- Hudson v. Palmer (1984): may search calls/confiscate with suspicion of wrongdoing
- Bell vs. Wolfish (1979): body searches permissible
- Florence vs. Board of Chosen Freeholders (2012): may strip search those entering with minor offenses
8th amendment:
- punishment shocks conscience civilized society
- unnecessarily cruel
- is beyond legitimate penal aims
- deliberate indifference
14th amendment:
- Wolff v. Mcdonnell (1974): due process
- Lee v. Washington (1968): equal protection
Goals of Incarceration:
- custodial model
- rehabilitation model
- reintegration model
Custodial:
A model of incarceration that emphasizes security, discipline, and order.
Rehabilitation:
A model that emphasizes treatment programs to help prisoners address the personal problems and issues that led them to commit crimes.
Reintegration:
Model that maintains the offender's ties to family and community as a method of reform, recognizing that the offender will be returning to society.
Violence in Prison:
- influential characteristics: age, race, mental illness
types:
- prisoner to prisoner
- prisoner to officer
- officer to prisoner
Juvenile Justice:
- Puritan Era
- Refuge Period
- Juvenile Court Era
- Juvenile Rights Period
-Crime Control Period
- "Kids Are Different" Period