Respiratory System
General Functions
General Anatomy
Gross Microscopic Anatomy of Nasal Cavity, Paranasal Sinuses & Pharynx
Anatomy of Larynx
Gross Microscopic Anatomy of Trachea
Gross Microscopic Anatomy of Bronchial Tree
Inhalation (inspiration)
Exhalation (expiration)
Respiration
Internal
External
exchange of gases between blood and tissue cells
exchange of gases between lungs and blood
breathe in
breathe out
Major functions
Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood
Oxygen in, carbon dioxide out
Respiratory
Upper respiratory tract
Conducting
Lower respiratory tract
Nose/mouth
respiratory bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
alveoli
Nose/mouth
pharynx
larynx
alveoli
Paranasal Sinuses
Pharynx
Nasal Cavity
Epithelial lining
Function
Features
conchal
create turbulence
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia
clean the air, warm the air and humidify
Epithelial lining
Function
Features
ethmoid
sphenoid
frontal
maxillary
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia
clean the air, warm the air and humidify
sinuses in these spaces give our voice resonance
Epithelial lining
Function
Features
tonsils (abundant in lymphoid tissue)
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia (nasopharynx)
stratified squamous epithelium (oropharynx & laryngopharynx)
passageway for air and food
Major functions
Glottis/Epiglottis/Vocal Folds
provides open airway
keep food and air going to the correct places
voice production (voice box)
Glottis
Epiglottis
Vocal folds
opening between the vocal folds/cords
General functions
Features
passageway for air as its moving to the lungs
partial rings of hyaline cartilage
anterior to esophagus
epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Order of air passage
Cells that compose alveolus
Bronchi vs. Bronchioles
Respiratory membrane
Bronchi
Bronchioles
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
rings of cartilage
No cartilage
No cilia
<1mm in diameter
No goblet cells
bronchi --> bronchioles --> terminal bronchioles --> respiratory bronchioles --> alveolar ducts --> alveolar sacs--> alveoli
Type II alveolar cells
Macrophages
Type I alveolar cells
simple squamous epithelium
gas exchange occurs in the alveoli across a respiratory membrane consisting of type 1 cells
simple cuboidal epithelium
will produce surfactant (prevent alveoli from sticking together when you exhale)
Secreted by type II alveolar cells and remove dust and particles that reach the alveoli
basement membrane
simple squamous epithelium
wall of alveolus
Gross Anatomy of the Pleura & Lungs
covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing and prevents food or liquids from entering the lower respiratory channels
exhaled air causes folds to vibrate, producing the sounds of speech
right and left primary supply the lungs
provide airway for respiration
Pleurae
Lungs
flank the mediastinum in the thoracic cavity
Right lung
Left lung
superior lobe
middle lobe
inferior lobe
superior lobe
inferior lobe
serous membranes
parietal
visceral
lines the thoracic wall, diaphragm and mediastinum
covers the external surfaces of the lungs