Respiratory System

General Functions

General Anatomy

Gross Microscopic Anatomy of Nasal Cavity, Paranasal Sinuses & Pharynx

Anatomy of Larynx

Gross Microscopic Anatomy of Trachea

Gross Microscopic Anatomy of Bronchial Tree

Inhalation (inspiration)

Exhalation (expiration)

Respiration

Internal

External

exchange of gases between blood and tissue cells

exchange of gases between lungs and blood

breathe in

breathe out

Major functions

Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood

Oxygen in, carbon dioxide out

Respiratory

Upper respiratory tract

Conducting

Lower respiratory tract

Nose/mouth

respiratory bronchioles

Respiratory bronchioles

alveoli

Nose/mouth

pharynx

larynx

alveoli

Paranasal Sinuses

Pharynx

Nasal Cavity

Epithelial lining

Function

Features

conchal

create turbulence

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia

clean the air, warm the air and humidify

Epithelial lining

Function

Features

ethmoid

sphenoid

frontal

maxillary

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia

clean the air, warm the air and humidify

sinuses in these spaces give our voice resonance

Epithelial lining

Function

Features

tonsils (abundant in lymphoid tissue)

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia (nasopharynx)

stratified squamous epithelium (oropharynx & laryngopharynx)

passageway for air and food

Major functions

Glottis/Epiglottis/Vocal Folds

provides open airway

keep food and air going to the correct places

voice production (voice box)

Glottis

Epiglottis

Vocal folds

opening between the vocal folds/cords

General functions

Features

passageway for air as its moving to the lungs

partial rings of hyaline cartilage

anterior to esophagus

epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Order of air passage

Cells that compose alveolus

Bronchi vs. Bronchioles

Respiratory membrane

Bronchi

Bronchioles

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

rings of cartilage

No cartilage

No cilia

<1mm in diameter

No goblet cells

bronchi --> bronchioles --> terminal bronchioles --> respiratory bronchioles --> alveolar ducts --> alveolar sacs--> alveoli

Type II alveolar cells

Macrophages

Type I alveolar cells

simple squamous epithelium

gas exchange occurs in the alveoli across a respiratory membrane consisting of type 1 cells

simple cuboidal epithelium

will produce surfactant (prevent alveoli from sticking together when you exhale)

Secreted by type II alveolar cells and remove dust and particles that reach the alveoli

basement membrane

simple squamous epithelium

wall of alveolus

Gross Anatomy of the Pleura & Lungs

covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing and prevents food or liquids from entering the lower respiratory channels

exhaled air causes folds to vibrate, producing the sounds of speech

right and left primary supply the lungs

provide airway for respiration

Pleurae

Lungs

flank the mediastinum in the thoracic cavity

Right lung

Left lung

superior lobe

middle lobe

inferior lobe

superior lobe

inferior lobe

serous membranes

parietal

visceral

lines the thoracic wall, diaphragm and mediastinum

covers the external surfaces of the lungs