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10 - The comparative analysis of interest aggregation and representation…
10 - The comparative analysis of interest aggregation and representation
introduction : political representation
representative democracies : parliaments, gvt and policies "ought" to represent citizens
Pitkin : representation --> acting in the interest
what degree of responsiveness
political parties
Definitions
generic - Burke : groupe of men --> promote national interest, agree on principle
analytical
Duverger : will to conquest power, support from a broad base
Sartori : political group, official label, prose candidates for eletctions
Chambers : social formation, seeks power, link btw the power and the citizens
Functions
Diamond & Gunther
Structure voter choices
recruit and nominate political leaders
mobilize electoral support
form and sustain gvt
represent social groups or interests
aggregate interests
integrate citizens in the political process
Three branches
Party in the Electorate: socialize, educate, aggregate offer choice, mobilize
Party in Government: oppose and hold gov’t accountable, govern and make policy
Party Organisation : recruit, socialize, educate, mobilize
Organisation aspects
Panebianco
Mass-bureaucratic party : extra-parliamentary origin —> aim of representing large social groups —> main core clivages / accountable to membership / internal organisation is very hierarchical + delegation of power : social-democrats, christian-democrats, communist party / importance of large membership because provides ressources
Catch-all party : parties become less ideological —> try to catch broader electoral support / After WW2 : 30G —> social clivages less important —> less ideology / Since WW2 : ideological convergence of the parties
Electoral-professional party : shares some features w/ catch-all (de-ideologization) : real electoral links / professionalization of political elites —> politicians are leaded by and for politics —> consider the voters as consumers, no real link with the electorate
Elite/caucus party : 19th when assembly gain power, prior to universal suffrage, few members, focus on the dynamics among the elite, no big organisation because no need to campaign —> many didn’t survive to the universal suffrage
Cartel parties —> just interested in maintaining the place on power —> their ressources come from by the state so they don’t need strong links w/ the pple (cf. Catz and Mair)
Parties were important --> unable to perform their functions --> no more party identification Susan Scarrow : permanent et irreversible phenonmerment
élections and referendums
role of elections : dialogue btw the state ans the pole --> hold the gvt accountable
too many elections --> fatigue
electoral system : rules to convert votes into seats --> technical and political
majoritarian system
to win : need 50%+1
two ballot system
rank candidates
proportionnel representation
represent the diversity of parties (not the territories)
no clear majority : consensus but unstable : need of coalition
plurality
winner takes all, first past the post
more vote --> winner : amplify the victory and the loss
not proportional but simple and stable
mixed system
mix both --> represent parties and territories
electoral systems and party systems
Party system
interaction btw the significant political parties
different typologies
Duverger : number of parties
two-party system
multiparty systems
Dahl : competitiveness of opposition
co-operative-competitive
coalescent-competitive
Strictly competitive
strictly coalescent
Sartori : nb of parties and ideological distance
Two-party systems
moderate pluralism
polarized pluralism
predominant-party systems
political clientelism
definitions
individual w/ high socioeconomic status (patron) uses influence to benefit someone from lower status (client) in order to gain support and assistance
difference btw programmatic redistributive politics and clientelistic politics : condition of support
political elites and leadership
the crisis of democratic representation
explanation on the demande side (citizens)
encline of class identities , non-economic identities
rise of education
new debates : effects of globalization
explanation on the supply side (the parties)
converging to the middle
very managed campaign not to excite voters
media are an alternative source of info