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3 The Communication Process. The functions of Language. Language in use.…
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The Communication Process. The functions of Language. Language in use. The negotiation of meaning
The Communication Process
: communication is defined as the exchange and negotiation of meaning between at least two individuals through the use of verbal and non-verbal symbols, oral and written, and production and comprehension processes.
Social interaction. Purpose. Unpredictability and creativity
Communication factors
Message
: meaning being transmitted
Code
: set of signs whose combinations and rules are known by both the addresser and the addressee
Addressee
: the person to whom the message is addressed
Contact
: the means through which the information is transmitted
Addresser
:the person transmitting the message
Context
: situation where the communication appears
Communication means
Visual mode
: sign languages, written language
Tactile Communication
: Braille alphabet, non-linguistic uses
Speech
: auditory-vocal channel
Olfactory and Gustatory modes
: reception of information about the outside world
The functions of Language
Bühler
Conative language
: oriented towards the addressee
Representational language
: oriented towards the rest of the reality
Expressive language
: oriented towards the self
Roman Jakobson
Poetic Function
: language is oriented towards the form of the message
Metalinguistic Function
: language is used to refer to itself
Conative Function
: language is used to produce an answer
Phatic Function
: language is used to establish and maintain communication
Expressive Function
: language is used to express the speaker's feelings
Referential Function
: language is used to convey information about the world around us
Malinowski
Pragmatic
Magical
Halliday
The interpersonal function
: we represent ourselves to other people
The textual function
: language as an instrument of communication
The ideational function
: we represent the world to ourselves
Language in Use
Language usage vs language use
: the learning of a language involves acquiring the ability to compose correct sentences. But it also involves acquiring an understanding of which sentences are appropriate to a particular context (rules of use)
Communicative competence
: acquired in social experience and interaction
Appropriacy
: we study which language is appropriate in a particular context
Occurrence
: how often a particular expression occurs in a language
Systematic potential
: we study if an utterance is possible according to the forms of expression available in a language
Feasibility
: whether an utterance is possible or not in a language, beyond grammatical considerations
Discourse Analysis
: nature of discourse and language in use
The Negotiation of Meaning
Negotiation of meaning
: what the speakers do in conversation in order to achieve successful communication
Foreigner Talk
Repair
: the ways in which errors or misunderstandings are corrected by speakers or others
Feedback
: information on the result of communication
Grice's Cooperative Principle
Maxim of Quality
: speak truthfully
Maxim of Relevance
: say things that are relevant
Maxim of Quantity
: give as much information as is needed
Maxim of Manner
: say things briefly and clearly
Turn-taking procedures
: distribution of talk among the participants is governed by turn-taking norms
Adjacency Pairs
: sequence of two related utterances by different speakers in which the second utterance is always a response to the first
greeting-greeting, question-answer, invitation-acceptance/non-acceptance, offer-acceptance/non-acceptance, complaint-apology