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Endocrine System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - pancreatic juice
  - - - secrete
        
        glukagon
        
        increase
        
        blood glucose level
        
        bsorption of glucose in the ileum
        
        conservation
        
        glycogen to glucose into liver
        
        stimulates
        
        passage of glucose from cells into blood
        
        fat breakdown
    - - secrete
        
        insulin
        
        decrease
        
        blood glucose level
        
        increase
        
        permeability of cells to take glucose except brain cells
        
        glucose metabolism in cells
        
        stimulate
        
        conversion of glucose to glycogen as storage form in liver and muscles
    - - disease
      - common symptoms
        
        Feeling very thirsty
        
        Feeling very hungry - even though you are eating
        
        Urinating often
        
        Extreme fatigue
        
        Blurry vision
        
        Cuts/bruises that are slow to heal
        
        Weight loss - even though you are eating more (type 1)
        
        Tingling, pain, or numbness in the hands/feet (type 2)
      - Type1
        
        usually develops before age 30
        
        Blood glucose level is above normal level
        
        needed
        
        daily insulin injections
        
        decrease in the number of beta cells
        
        autoimmune disease
        
        antibodies mark the beta cells for destruction
        
        may caused by
        
        combination of genetic predisposition and infection by a virus
        
        fatt acids are used
        
        more as an energy source
        
        patients have
        
        shortened life expectancy
        
        atherosclerotic disease develops as a result of impaired lipid metabolism
      - Type 2
        
        % 90 of diabetics have
        
        develops
        
        gradually
        
        usually in overweight persons over the age of 40
        
        some patients
        
        secrete enough insulin, but insulin receptors on target cells cannot bind to it
        
        many patients
        
        can keep their blood sugar level within normal range by managing their diets and exercising, and do not require insulin injection
- - - - PRL(nontropic)
        
        target
        
        mammary glands
        
        stimulates
        
        lactation
        
        growth of mammary glands, production of milk
    - - MSH(nontropic)
        
        target
        
        melanocyte cells
        
        influences skin pigmentation in some vertebrates and fat metabolism in mammals.
    - - ACTH(tropic)
        
        stimulates
        
        steroid hormones from cortex region of adrenal glands
    - - STH
        
        stimulates
        
        bones
        
        growth in bones
        
        much
        
        gigantism(childhood)
        
        acromegaly(adulthood)
        
        less
        
        dwarfism(childhood)
    - - TSH(tropic)
        
        stimulates
        
        thyroid gland
        
        much
        
        increase in tyroid gland cells and thyroid gland enlargement
    - - FSH and LH(tropic)
        
        stimulates
        
        men
        
        testes
        
        LH:testosterone hormone production
        
        FSH:spermatogenesis
        
        women
        
        ovaries
        
        FSH:follicle
        
        estrogen hormone production, oogenesis
        
        LH:ovulation and corpus luteum formation control production of estrogen and progesterone hormones
  - - - oksitosin
        
        induces uterine contractions and the release of milk
    - - ADH
        
        enhances water reabsorption, balance osmotic pressure of blood
        
        less
        
        osmotic pressure^ extreme thirst and constant need to drink
        
        diabetes insibitus
- - - - corticosteroids
        
        response to
        
        stress
        
        3 types
        
        Glucocorticoids
        
        Cortisol
        
        influence
        
        glucose metabolism
        
        the immune system
        
        stimulates
        
        production of glucose from fats and aminoacids
        
        reduces
        
        inflammation
        
        high level
        
        Crushing Syndrome
        
        1 more item...
        
        Cortisone
        
        treat
        
        arthrities
        
        suppresses
        
        the immune system
        
        reduce
        
        inflammation
        
        long-term use
        
        may trigger infections
        
        Mineralocorticoids
        
        Aldosterone
        
        affects
        
        salt and water balance in blood
        
        acts on
        
        the tubules of the kidney
        
        1 more item...
        
        low level
        
        Addison diease
        
        4 more items...
        
        Androgens
        
        produce small amounts
        
        progesteron
        
        testosterone
        
        estrogen
        
        women may have
        
        masculinization
        
        oversecretion of adrenal male sex hormone
    - - ACTH
  - - - epinephrine (adrenaline)
      - norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
        
        fight or flight
        
        catecholamines
        
        increase
        
        glucose and fatty acids
        
        metabolic rate
        
        oxygen delivery
        
        heartbeat
        
        neurotransmitter
- - - - reducing the initial stimulus
    - - many hormonal
        pathways
        
        involved in
        
        homeostasis
- - - - needed for
        
        development of T -lymphocytes
- - - - decreases
        
        Ca2+ level of blood
      - stimulates
        
        Ca2+ deposition in bones and decreases reabsorbtion of Ca2+ in kidneys and increases excretion of Ca2+ by urine
  - - - stimulate metabolism and influence development and maturation.
      - increase
        
        protein synthesis
        
        blood pressure and heart beat rate and metabolic rate
        
        aerobic respiration
      - target
        
        all organs
      - excessive
        
        Hyperthyroidism
        
        causes high body temperature, weight loss, irritability, and high blood pressure
        
        Graves’ disease (toxic goiter)
        
        humans characterized by weight loss, irritability, muscle weakness, sleeping problems. Radioactive iodine is used for treatment to inhibit thyroid tissue
      - low
        
        Hypothyroidism,
        
        causes weight gain, lethargy, and intolerance to cold
        
        Goiter
        
        thyroid gland becomes enlarged, iodine deficiency or tumors, the gland is referred to as a goiter
        
        Cretenism
        
        thyroxine deficiency during childhood and characterized by impairment of mental and physical growth
- - - - deficiency
        
        tetany
        
        Low Ca+2 level increase excitability of nerve without rest and this results in continuous muscle contraction
        
        causes
        
        causes painful muscle contraction
- - - - Light/dark cycles control release of melatonin
      - relate to
        
        biological rhythms (circadian rhthym)
        
        associated with
        
        reproduction
      - cause
        
        seasonal affective disorder
        
        depressed at onset of winter
    - - contributor
        
        well-being and happiness
      - increases
        
        sexual desire
      - slowest or absent
        
        during sleep
      - highest
        
        during states of alert wakefulness
      - important in
        
        neural pathways controlling mood
- - - - different amount
    - - development
      - sexual behaviors
      - growth
      - reproductive cycles
    - - controlled by
        
        FSH and LH
      - released from
        
        follicle
      - responsible for
        
        maintenance of the female reproductive system
        
        development of female secondary sex characteristics
        
        a layer of fat beneath skin, larger pelvic girdle, etc
      - secreted at
        
        puberty stimulate maturation of ovaries and other sexual organs
      - necessary for
        
        oocyte (egg) development
    - - stimulates
        
        development and maintenance of the male reproductive system
        
        development of male secondary sex characteristics
        
        large vocal cords, pubic hair, etc
      - responsible for
        
        the sex drive and probably aggressiveness
      - affects
        
        sweat glands
        
        expression of baldness genes
        
        and other effects
    - - involved in
        
        preparing and maintaining the uterus