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THE MODERN STATE AND CULTURAL CHANGES, imagen, imagen, imagen, imagen,…
THE MODERN STATE AND CULTURAL CHANGES
MODERN STATE
Europe at the end of the 15th century
Eastern Europe
The Russian
The Russian monarchy expanded its territories with the conquests of Ivan III the Great
The Russian monarchs adopted the title of tsar or emperor
The Polish
The Polish monarchy covered extensive territories after its unification with Lithuania
The Ottoman
The Ottoman Empire expanded during the 15th century
Mehmed II the Conqueror took control of Constantinople and a large part of the Balkan Peninsula
Suleiman I the Magnificent took control of northern Africa and subdued Hungary
In time, they prohibited the nobles from forming their own armies
They also created a diplomatic body to establish alliances with other states or kingdoms
They formed powerful armies of mercenaries,which they subdue to the nobles who confonted them
They strengthened bureaucracy which was composed of officials directly under their control, who supervised the kingdom's affairs
The monarchs established a court or permanent seat for these new institutions to function well
Monarchs were able to maintain effective control of their possessions.
These became the capital of their kingdom
They centralised power by creating new institutions to serve them
The power of the centralised institutions was gradually increased and the autonomy of the feudal lords and special legislations
CULTURAL CHANGES
Humanist philosophy
Optimism and creativity
Religious beliefs that caused fearwere replaced by the belief in a better life in this world
The desire for knowledge
Did not limit their knowledge to one special area
They wanted to learn about everything
Humanists possessed a great intellectual curiosity
Anthropocentrism
Human beings became the centre of philosophical reflection and artistic creation
Humanists continued to be Christian
Critical thinking
knowledge was based on tradition
Extensive studies
research
Individual reflection
reason
Practical demonstrations
experimentation
A renewed interest in classical culture
Classical Greek and Roman culture and philosophy started to be the new interest point
The use of vernacular languages
humanists started to write their works in languages spoken in their countries
more people had access to culture and new knowledge
most books were written in Latin
Scientific advances and the spread of new ideas
Invention
printing press
a large number of books to be printed
Cultural institutions
following the example of the Ancient Greeks and Romans, the new academies of science and arts were created
