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Chapter 16 - Gladstone and Salisbury (1880-1895) - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 16 - Gladstone and Salisbury (1880-1895)
Gladstone (Lib) 1880-85-86
Politics
Social reforms
Married Women Property Act in 1882
Corrupt Practices Act
BUT Parnell obstructed reforms to obtain Home Rule
Tensions within the liberal party
Gladstone's personnality!
Bradlaugh case (atheist who refused to make the oath) divided
Gladstone defended a self-help ideology WHILE radicals (Chamberlain) advocated: payments of MPs, free primary education, graduated income tax
Whigs vs Radicals
Chamberlain created in
Liberal Unionist Party
in 1886
Voting system reforms
The Reform Act => vote extended to 2M householders
Redistribution of seats Act => :forbidden: 2 MPs in small counties (many Whigs) => only 1 in suburban areas BUT new MPs in industrial cities (radical) ,ex: Manchester
Empire
Egypt passed under British authority, with a consul-general of Egypt (Cromer) => crucial for the English Empire (Suez)
Sudan: General Gordon (very popular) trying to help soldiers, G waited too long to help him, Gordon died => "murderer of Gordon"
1881: G gave indep to Transvaal (South Af) vs Queen and Parliement
Ireland
BUT too late (Irish poverty, feeling of separateness) => failed to restore order
Second Irish Land Act
1881 => breakthrough : defended 1) fair rent 2) fixity of tenure (no eviction in can't pay 3) free sale (= right to sell the land to whoever one wants)
G shocked by opponents' reactions => cq= agressivity from gvt, ex: Coercion Act (81) suspended
habeas corpus
when dealing with violent opponents
Opponents:
The Irish Land League
1879 by Michael Davit => irish nationalism, defense of smallholders => allied with C.S. Parnell (
Home Rule Movement
, protestant, American mother => hate of English)
G jailed Parnell => BUT then, signed a compromise (
Killmainham treaty
)
G tried to restore order with reforms (not Home Rule at 1st) => failure
1882:
Phoenix Park Murders
in Dublin => assassinations of Lord F. Cavendish (New secretary of Ireland) and Thomas Henry Burke (Permanent undersecretary) by members of the rebel group
Irish National Invincibles
G was becoming in favour of Home Rule BUT Phoenix Park Murders hardened the opinion against Home Rule
1886: Gladstone’s 1st Home Rule Bill = defeated => Why? Conservative argued that protestants in Ulster would be opposed to it + Radicals vs but wanted to keep Britain’s unity
Improvements =>1885 Ashbourne Act = tenants could buy holds with government loans.
Salisbury (Cons) 1886-92
Politics
The
Local Gvt Act
(1888) Reform of local powers => To many ≠ boards (27k) so their leaders were not elected => Election of councils, and new councils replaced old boards.
Randolph Churchill
(Chancellor of the Exchequer) => in favour of reforms BUT resigned.
People felt the government was not tackling real social pbs.
=> Future Labour Party
Ireland
Parnell => dismissed after people discovered his adultery with Katherine O’ Shea in 1890 + died in 1891.
Salisbury => firm ruling and mild concessions BUT tried to improve the situation
There were still evictions =>
William O’Brien and John Dillon
organized the
Plan Campaign
: no tenant was supposed to pay unless he judged the rent was fair => brought violence (Balfour).
Arthur Balfour
, "Blood Balfour" (Chief Secretary for Ireland) => firm ruling (protestants killed by the police).
Empire
‘The two power standard’
was decided
(security and dominance).
Foreign Policy => Plan "
splendid isolation
" => no utter isolation => Britain agreed to commit it self as long as there were no binding agreements =>Salisbury hated war and wanted peace. Action in Europe was thus existing but limited.
Salisbury wanted to isolate France and Russia, two potential enemies.
Gladstone 1892-94
Politics: Gladstone was in favour Home rule. But it failed again.
1894: failure of the Second Home Rule Bill because of the Lords.