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Reported Speech, :check: We use say when there is no indirect object …
Reported Speech
1. Definition:
We use reported speech when we want to report what another person said but without using the speaker's exact words.
Examples:
When we change a sentence from direct to reported speech, pronouns and possesive adjectives change according to the meaning of the sentence "I like your new bike" - Ian said that he liked my new bike
Reporting Verbs
Say
Tell
Describe
demonstrate
point out
mention
suggest
Speculate
propose
recommend
Statements
Questions
When
direct question
starting with
question word
Reported ¨question beggins
with the same
question word
D.Q.: He asked: Where does she live?
R.Q.: He asked where she lived
when changing Direct to Reported Speech
pronouns, tenses, adverbs.. change same way as reported statements
Introduce with
Reported verbs:
ask, wonder
in affirmative form
D.Q.: She said: Are you cold? R.Q.: She asked me if I was cold
Expression
"want to know"
D.Q.: Have you got a computer?
R.Q.: He wanted to know whether I had a computer
If does
not begin
with a question word
begins with
if
or
whether
D.Q.: Does she live in London?
R.Q.: He asked whether/if she lived in London
Commands and Requests
COMMANDS
: TELL, BEG, COMMAND, ADVISE, WARN, ORDER
REQUESTS
: ASK
Introductory verbs
verb + object + full infinitive
used with: advise, allow, ask, beg, command, encourage, forbid, instruct, invite, order, permit, persuade, remind, urge, warn, etc.
"Would you like to come to my house?" said Laura -
She invited me to go to her house
verb + -ing form
used with: add, admit, agree, announce, argue, claim, complain, confess, decide, demand, deny, exclaim, explain, inform sb, insist, promise, recommend, suggest, threaten, understand, warn, etc.
"You broke the vase" -
He accused me of breaking the vase
verb - that-clause
used with: accuse sb of, admit (to), advise against, apologise for, blame for, complain to sb about, confess to, deny, insist on, object to, recommend, regret, suggest, warn about/against, etc.
"I've never spoken to her" said Michael -
He denied that he had spoken to her
verb + full infinitive
used with: agree, claim, decide, demand, hope, offer, promise, propose, refuse, threaten, volunteer, etc.
"I'll study more", said Robbin -
He promised to study more
:check:
We use say when there is no indirect object
"I can't book for today" he said
he said that he couldn't book for today
:check:
We use tell when there is an indirect object
"I'm going with you tonight, Kate" she said
She told Kate she is going with her tonight
In Reported Speech, tenses, modals and time expressions change as follows
Present Simple :recycle: Past Simple
Mike said, "I want to create a new design"
Mike said (that) she wanted to create a new design
Present Progressive :recycle: Past Progressive
Oscar said "I am getting nervous"
Oscar said that he was getting nervous"
Past Simple :recycle: Past Perfect Simple
Luke said "I trained hard to become a jedi"
Luke said he had trained hard to become a jedi
Present Perfect Simple :recycle: Past Perfect Simple
Han said "I've seen your face before"
Present Perfect Progressive :recycle: Past Perfect Progressive
Mary said "I have been looking for you all day"
Mary said she had been looking for me all day
Will :recycle: would
Can :recycle: could
:warning:These changes are not made when the sentence expresses a general truth or the reporting verb is in the present, Future or Present Perfect Simple.
:warning:The Past Perfect and the verbs
could, might, should, tough to, had better, mustn't, would and used to
do not change in Reported Speech.
:warning:The Past Progressive usually doesn't change but when it does, it changes to Past Perfect Progressive.
:warning:Past tenses in time clauses do not change in Reported Speech
:warning:Conditional Sentences Type 2 and 3 and sentences with wish / if only do not change in Reported Speech
Conditionals
Sentences Type 1 :recycle: Sentences Type 2
must :recycle: had to
Clara said "you must surrender"
Clara said I had to surrender
now :recycle: then
Milo said "I need to go now"
Milo sais he needed to go then
today, tonight :recycle: that day, that night
Susan said "we are having a party today"
Susan said they were having a party that day"
May :recycle: might
Joan said "I may look for a different job"
Joan said he might look for a different job
yesterday :recycle: the previous day / the day before
Dan said "I bought some veggies yesterday"
Dan said he had bought some veggies the previous day
this morning, year :recycle: that morning, year
Lewis said "I haven't seen her since this morning"
Lewis said he hadn't seen her since that morning
here :recycle: there
Liam said "I need you here"
Liam said he needed me there"
tomorrow :recycle: the next day / the following day
Leela said "I'm getting married tomorrow"
Leela said she was getting married the following day
Ago :recycle: before
Mia said "I met Vin three days ago"
Mia said he had met Vin three days before
last week/month :recycle: the previous week. month, the week/month before
Lucas said "I went to Madrid last month"
Lucas said he had been to Madrid the previous month"
next week/month :recycle: the following week month
Graham said "I will go on a trip next week"
Graham said he would go on a trip the following week"
TO+BASE FORM/ NOT+TO+BASE FORM
EXAMPLES:
"Sit down, Rex"said Dan.
Dan told Rex to sit down.
"Don´t tell anyone, please" Laura said.
Laura asked me not to tell anyone.
"Will you lend me that book, please?" Kate asked me.
Kate asked me to lend her that book.
:warning: Pronouns and possesive adjectives change according to the meaning of the sentence. The verb
come
changes to
go