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Respiratory system at rest and during exercise - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory system at rest and during exercise
Myles: Breathing frequency, Tidal volume, Minute ventilation at rest and exercise.
Tidal volume - Tidal volume is the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle. It measures around 500 mL in an average healthy adult male and approximately 400 mL in a healthy female.
breathing frequency -
Millie: Regulation of breathing- Neural and chemical control
Chemical Control
Increased contraction of the respiratory muscles during exercise occurs as a response from information from receptors. Increased acidity in the blood and decreased pH detected by the chemoreceptors send a message to the RCC centre in the medulla oblongata to increase inspiration.
Neural Control
Movements at the joint are detected by the proprio receptors. Thermoreceptors detect an increase in temperature which increases respiratory rate. Baroreceptors (stretch receptors in the alveoli) detect a stretch in the lungs stimulating the expiratory control centre to increase expiration.
Respiratory Control Centre
RCC - control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for respiratory regulation
Centres
Inspiratory Centre
A control centre within the RCC responsible for inspiration.
Expiratory Centre
A control centre within the RCC responsible for expiration.
Jennifer: Mechanics of breathing at rest and exercise
Inspiration at rest
During inspiration at rest when breathing in the diaphragm contracts and flattens, along with this the external intercostal muscles contract. The rib cage moves up and out as the lungs are getting bigger due to being filled with air. Volume at the thoracic cavity increases and the pressure at the thoracic cavity decreases. Air moves from high pressure outside to low pressure inside.
Expiration at rest
During expiration at rest when breathing in the diaphragm relaxes and returns to a dome shape, along with this the external intercostal muscles relax. The rib cage moves down and in as the lungs are getting smaller due to losing air. Volume at the thoracic cavity decreases and the pressure at the thoracic cavity increases. Air moves from high pressure in the lungs to low pressure outside the lungs.
Inspiration during exercise
During inspiration at exercise the diaphragm contracts and flattens more, along with this the external intercostal muscles contract more. The rib cage moves up and out as the lungs are getting bigger due to being filled with air. Volume at the thoracic cavity increases more and the pressure at the thoracic cavity decreases more. Air moves from high pressure outside to low pressure inside. Additional muscles are recruited these muscles include the scalenes, sternocleidomastoid and the pectoralis minor.
Expiration during exercise
During expiration at rest when breathing in the diaphragm relaxes more and returns to a dome shape, along with this the external intercostal muscles relax. The rib cage moves down and in as the lungs are getting smaller due to losing air. Volume at the thoracic cavity decreases more and the pressure at the thoracic cavity increases more. Air moves from high pressure in the lungs to low pressure outside the lungs. Additional muscles are recruited these muscles include the internal obliques, external obliques and the rectus abdominis.
Joe- Gaseous exchange
External Respiration
External Respiration (Oxygen) AT REST:
- Happens between the alveoli and the blood (capillaries)
Low PP of O2 at blood (capillaries)
High PP of O2 at alveoli
Steep concentration gradient
O2 diffuses from the alveoli to the blood (capillaries)
External Respiration (Carbon Dioxide) AT REST:
Happens between the alveoli and the blood (capillaries)
High PP of CO2 at blood (capillaries)
Low PP of CO2 at alveoli
Steep concentration gradient
CO2 diffuses from the blood (capillaries) to the alveoli
External Respiration (Oxygen) DURING EXERCISE:
Happens between the alveoli and the blood (capillaries)
Lower PP of O2 at blood (capillaries)
Higher PP of O2 at alveoli
STEEPER concentration gradient
More O2 diffuses from the alveoli to the blood (capillaries) due to the higher demand from the working muscles
External Respiration (Carbon Dioxide) DURING EXERCISE:
Happens between the alveoli and the blood (capillaries)
Higher PP of CO2 at blood (capillaries)
Lower PP of CO2 at alveoli
STEEPER concentration gradient
More CO2 diffuses from blood to alveoli due to the increased production of CO2 as a waste product from respiration of the working muscles
Internal Respiration
Internal Respiration (CO2) AT REST:
Happens between the blood (capillaries) and the muscle cells
Low PP of CO2 at the blood (capillaries)
High PP of CO2 at the muscle cells
Steep concentration gradient
CO2 diffuses from the muscle cells to the blood
Internal Respiration (Oxygen) DURING EXERCISE:
Happens between the blood (capillaries) and the muscle cells
Higher PP of O2 at blood (capillaries)
Lower PP of O2 at muscles
STEEPER concentration gradient
More O2 diffuses from the blood (capillaries) to the muscle cells as there is a higher demand for O2 at the working muscles
Internal Respiration (Oxygen) AT REST:
Happens between the blood (capillaries) and the muscle cells
High PP of O2 at the blood (capillaries)
Low PP of O2 at the muscle cells
Steep concentration gradient
O2 diffuses from the blood (capillaries) into the muscle cells
Internal Respiration (Carbon Dioxide) DURING EXERCISE:
Happens between the blood (capillaries) and the muscle cells
Lower PP of CO2 at the blood (capillaries)
Higher PP of CO2 at the muscle cells
STEEPER concentration gradient
More CO2 diffuses from the muscle cells to the blood (capillaries) as the respiration rates are higher and as a result more waste product is being produced in the form of CO2
Sam- Oxygen disassociation and the Bohr shift