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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM :pencil2: - Coggle Diagram
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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PROPERTIES OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Only target cells respond to the signal. Both animals and plants have this system. Transmission of signal is slow.
they are carried by blood to the affected tissue. Takes part in providing homeostasis.
They provide coordination with the nervous system.
they are organic
Since the protein-structured ones are not soluble in fat, they bind to the receptor proteins in the target cell membranes..
After the steroid enters the cell, they bind to the receptors in the cytoplasm and enter the nucleus and initiate protein synthesis from a gene in DNA.
PARATHYROID GLAND
Parathormon
Increases the amount of calcium in the blood regulates the passage of calcium from bone to blood, kidney increases absorption from intestines and muscles, reduces the amount of calcium excreted in the urine, phosphate is excreted in the urine.
Less secretion decreases calcium rate ''tetany''
bones become weak when secreted too much
''kidney stones''
PITUITARY GLAND
PROPERTIES
located in the intermediate brain
controlled by RF secretion from the hypothalamus
anterior pituitary gland cells discharge their self-synthesized hormones directly into the blood vessels and distribute them throughout the body
no hormone production in the posterior lobe of the pituitary
Hormones produced in the hypothalamus are stored in the posterior lobe of the hypophagus From here it is secreted into the blood.
posterior pituitary
ADH
(ANTIURETIC HORMONE or VAZOPRESSIN)
controls
osmotic pressure of blood
regulates the amount of water in the body,
allows the urine to concentrate
if less secretion
As water reabsorption decreases, the amount of water in the blood decreases and the amount of water in the urine increases
''diabete insipidus''
OXYTOCIN
controls
uterine contractions , release of milk
seen
only in females
Anterior pituitary
ACTH
controls
secretion of steroid hormones from cortex region of adrenal glands
FSH
stimulate follicle growth and estrogen hormone production during menstrual cycle in females,
Provides sperm formation and testosterone secretion in men
TSH
controls
secretion of hormones from thyroid gland
LH
stimulate ovulation and corpus luteum formation
control production of estrogen and progesterone hormones from corpus luteum in females
stimulates testestorone hormone production in testes in males
both FSH and Lh are also called gonadotropins
GH
( Growth hormone)
if less secretion
nanism
has protein structure
stimulates all body cells
Prolactin(PRL)
stimulates lactation , growth of mammary glands and production of milk . It also plays a role in carbohydrate and fat metabolism.
MSH
influences
skin pigmentation in some vertebrates and fat metabolism in mammals.
THYROID GLAND
Consists of two lobes on the ventral surface of the trachea.
Thyroxine
It causes an increase in metabolic rate. Increases the use of o2. faster energy is produced. Contains iodine.
In iodine deficiency, thyroxine secretion decreases, TSH increases, thyroid gland is overstimulated and enlarged
''Goiter''
if it is secreted less in the adult
''miksodema''
if more secretion than normal
''Graves's disease(toxic goiter)''
if it is secreted less at a young age
''cretinism''
CALCITONIN
decreases the Ca level of blood.
stimulates Ca deposition in bones and decreases reabsorbtion of Ca in kidneys and increase excretion of Ca by urine.
Work antagonistically with parathyroid hormone to balance calcium in the blood of mammals.
ADRENAL GLANDS
ADRENAL MEDULLA
controlled by the autonomic nervous system
ADRENALINE
It increases blood sugar and speeds up heart rate.
It increases blood pressure.
It provides the conversion of glycogen in the liver and muscles to glucose.
It shortens the clotting time of the blood.
Increases resistance to fatigue.
It causes dilated pupils.
It provides straightening of the bristles.
It constricts the skin capillaries.
It increases the contraction in striated muscles and slows down the contraction in smooth muscles.
It slows down digestion.
Metabolic rate increases.
It can work together with the sympathetic nervous system.
NORADRENALINE
Increases blood pressure.
It constricts blood vessels.
It speeds up breathing.
It acts as a neurotransmitter substance.
ADRENAL CORTEX (Controlled by ACTH)
ALDOSTERONE
Adjusts the ion balance, increases the reabsorption of sodium and chlorine ions from the kidneys, decreases potassium absorption, increases blood pressure, helps regulate ion exchange of fluid between blood cells and cells.
if less secretion
Blood pressure decreases. Tissue fluid decreases. The balance of Na and K ions is disturbed. Resistance to infections drops.
''Addison disease''
if excessive secretion
The muscle weakens. Blood pressure increases.
''Conn syndrome''
ANDROGENS
The main secretion sites are glands. It is also secreted in small amounts from here.
CORTISOL
Increases blood sugar Accelerates the burning of protein and fat. It allows fatty acids to pass into the blood. It prevents tissues other than brain and heart muscle from taking glucose, tissues meet their energy needs from fatty acid.
High levels of cortisol '' Cushing syndrome''
PANCREAS
It is
mixed type of gland that shows both endocrine and exocrine functions.
Located between stomach and duodenum
INSULIN
It lowers blood sugar, provides glycogen storage in tissues, stimulates protein synthesis, and fat synthesis. Secreted from beta cells.
Without adequate secretion, glucose in the blood increases. Fat and protein are used as energy. Glucose is excreted in the urine. ''Diabetes mellitus''
GLUCAGON
In the liver, glycogen turns into glucose and is released into the blood.
Blood sugar rises.
Provides fat breakdown in adipose tissues.
Adrenaline, cortisol, and glucagon raise blood sugar while insulin lowers blood sugar
Secreted from alpha cells
GONADAL SEX HORMONES
OVARIAN HORMONES
ESTROGEN
It is secreted from the incisors where the egg develops and from the corpus luteum (yellow body). It provides thickening of the uterine wall. It is effective in showing the female characteristics of the body structure and tone of voice. It has steroid structure.
PROGESTERON
It has a steroid structure. It provides thickening of the lining of the uterus. It is secreted from the corpus luteum formed after the egg is separated from the follicle and from the placenta during pregnancy. It ensures the continuity of pregnancy.
TESTES HORMONES
TESTOSTERONE
Sperm formation. Masculine characters.Development of the sexual organs. Spermatogenesis increases. If it is secreted too much, pituitary secretion decreases.
TYHMUS GLAND
It shrinks after youth. It is where T lymphocyte cells acquire functional properties. It produces thymic hormone.
PINEAL GLAND
It is located between the brain hemispheres. It produces melatonin hormone and adjusts sleep patterns with it. The secretion of this hormone is controlled by the light entering the eye falling on the retina. Melatonin secretion increases in the dark.
