farmakologi : diuretik (loop dan thiazide), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, beta blocker (carvedilol, bisoprolol, metoprolol), digoxin, spironolakton, vasodilator (hydralazine /nitrat), antikoagulan, antiaritmia, serta obat positif inotropik, Opioid parenteral seperti morfin atau diamorfin Pemberian nitrat (sublingual, buccal dan intravenus) Sodium nitropussideNesiritidePemberian inotropik dan inodilator dopaminPhospodiesterase inhibitovasopressor