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AP Biology Unit 4 - Coggle Diagram
AP Biology Unit 4
Cell Communication
Signal Transduction
Mechanism
As the result of binding the receptor, other molecules or second messengers are produced within the target cell.
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Feedback
Homeostasis
Homeostasis typically involves negative feedback loops that counteract changes of various properties from their target values, known as set points.
Mechanism
Positive
Positive feedback (exacerbating feedback, self-reinforcing feedback) is a process that occurs in a feedback loop which exacerbates the effects of a small disturbance. That is, the effects of a perturbation on a system include an increase in the magnitude of the perturbation.
Negative
Negative feedback (or balancing feedback) occurs when some function of the output of a system, process, or mechanism is fed back in a manner that tends to reduce the fluctuations in the output, whether caused by changes in the input or by other disturbances.
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Cell Cycle
Regulation of Cell Cycle
Process
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Check points
G2
The G2 checkpoint ensures all of the chromosomes have been replicated and that the replicated DNA is not damaged before cell enters mitosis
M
The M checkpoint determines whether all the sister chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules before the cell enters the irreversible anaphase stage
G1
At the G1 checkpoint, cells decide whether or not to proceed with division based on factors such as: Cell size. Nutrients
G0 phase
IF the cell doesn't receive a signal to divide, then it will go into a stage called the G0 phase. The G0 phase or resting phase is a period in the cell cycle in which cells exist in a quiescent state.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is an orderly process in which the cell's contents are packaged into small packets of membrane for “garbage collection” by immune cells. Apoptosis removes cells during development, eliminates potentially cancerous and virus-infected cells, and maintains balance in the body.
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Cell Cycle
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interphace
Interphase is the portion of the cell cycle that is not accompanied by observable changes under the microscope, and includes the G1, S and G2 phases. During interphase, the cell grows (G1), replicates its DNA (S) and prepares for mitosis (G2).
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mitotic phase
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Mitosis consists of four basic phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
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cytokinesis
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Cytokinesis is the physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells.
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