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cells: - Coggle Diagram

- - - - -usually spherical and prominant
      - -nuclear envalope
      - -nuclear pores
      - -nuclear envalope is continuous with the RER
      - -nucleoplasm is the granular material that makes up the bulk of the nucleus
      - -nucleoplasm also contains the genetic material and the nucleolus
    - - -acts as a control center for the cell by controlling protein synthesis
      - -retains DNA whithin the nuclear envelope
      - -allows mRNA to travel to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pores
      - -the nucleolus manufactures rRNA and assembles the ribosomes
  - - - -rod shaped
      - -outer and inner membrane folded into cristae
      - -inbertween is the inter-membrane space
      - -fluid inside is the matrix
      - -loose DNA and small 70s ribosomes
    - - -organells are self replicating
      - -site of aerobic respiration
      - -large amount in metabolically active cells like muscles
  - - - -extensive membtane system of flattened or cisternae that is continuous with the nucleus
      - -can be continuous with the golgi apperatus
      - -covered in ribosomes
    - - -provides a large surface area for protein synthesis and glycoproteins
      - -transport system for the products of protein synthesis
  - - - -extensive membrane system of cisternae
      - -smooth appearence
    - - -synthesises, stores and transports lipids and carbohydrates
  - - - -a stack of membranes that make up cisternae, compact
      - -with vesicles
    - - -modification and packaging the products of RER and SER
        
        -making glycoproteins
        
        -secratory enzymes
        
        -forms lysosomes
        
        -secrete carbohydrates
  - - - -hydrolysing material from phagocytosis
      - -exocytosis the release enzymes out of the cell
      - -digestion of worn out organelles to recycle the contents
      - -breaking down of dead cells
    - - -formed from vesicles
      - -contain hydrolytic enzymes
  - - - -80s in eukaryotes
      - -70s in prokaryotes, mitochondria and chloroplasts
      - -2 subunits one large one small
      - -made of rRNA and proteins
      - -loose or bound to RER
    - - -site of protein synthesis
  - - - -outer, and inner membrane with a fluid filled center called a stroma
      - -flattened membrane sacs called thylakoids stacked to form grana
      - -chlorophyll in thylakoids
      - -inbertween the grana are membranes called lamella
      - -loose DNA, 70s ribosomes and starch
    - - -self replicating
      - -harvest sunlight for photosynthesis
  - - - -plant, algal and fungal
      - -outside cell surface membrane
      - -cellose in plants
      - -cellose or glycoproteins in algal
      - -chitin in fungal
    - - -supports structure of the cell and plant as a whole
      - -whithstanding pressure from turgidity
      - -aid movement of water through the plant
  - - - -in plants a large organelle surrounded by a single membrane called the tonoplast
      - -the fluid inside is the cell sap containing salts, amino acids, sugars, etc.)
    - - -storage sites for sugars and amino acids
      - -temporary food store
      - -increases turgidity
      - -contains pigment to attract pollinators
- - - - -there is a huge variety of bacteria on earth
      - -they live inside other organisms and below the surface of the earth
      - -simple and tiny (0.1 - 10 micrometers)
    - - -all bacteria have a cell wall - a mixture of a polypeptide and polysaccharide (murein)
      - -keep the cells shape and protects it from lysis
      - -limits entry of certain substances
      - -some bacteria also have a mucilaginous slime capsule outside of their cell wall for further protection
    - - -have a cell surface membrane
      - -70s unattached ribosomes
      - -food stores as glycogen and oil droplets
      - -circular DNA
      - -small circular DNA fragments called plasmids that can replicate and convey antibiotic resistance
      - -flagella may be present