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Quiz ADS514, Question 2, Question 3, Name: Cherissey Endang Anak Maktri…

- - - - To identify policy problems.
        
        This process is when the government needs to identify and analyze the problem that has arisen which is related to society needs, dissatisfaction of society and demands made by the society. However, only those needs and wants that are articulated by people demanding action become problems eligible for public policy solutions.
        
        For example, the percentage of poverty in Malaysia especially those who come from lower income keeps increasing, therefore the government needs to identify the factors that lead to poverty.
      - Formulate policy option and recommendation
        
        the government should come up with the solution toward the problem and the proposal of issues could be filed by anyone
        
        For instance, the citizen has made a proposal regarding the water pollution issues, therefore the government should come out with the course of action in order to solve it.
  - - - Emerge in response to policy demand
        
        Elaboration:
        A situation public officials make a decision that gives content and direction toward public policy in order to respond to policy demands. Therefore, the demands could be taken by a specific action.
        
        Example:
        The Department of Veterans Affairs, which makes hundreds of thousands of decisions every year on veterans' benefits however, fall within the bounds of settled policy and can be categorized as routine decisions.
      - Involves what government actually do
        
        Elaboration:
        This refers not just to what they wanted to do and what officials say they are going to do.
        
        Example:
        For instance, if the legislature enacts a law which requires employers to pay no less than a stated minimum salary but nothing is done to enact the law, and afterward little change arises in economic behavior, it seems reasonable to resist that public policy actually takes the form of non-regulation of salaries.
- - - - The neo-institutionalism theory argues that the importance of the normative reference framework and the behavior rules to guide, constrain, and create power within the organizations, those that are considered, consist of cognitive structures, activities, normative and regulative that give meaning to the social behavior.
  - - - For example, the society want the government to provide a employment as many people did not have a works, therefore the government need to come out with the solution.
- - - - The policy problem could be air pollution, water pollution, flood problem, and hardcore poverty are considered as unsatisfactory situation or condition for masses that need to be fixed by the government.
  - - - Systemic agenda
        
        It can be defined as all public issues that are viewed as requiring governmental attention. The systematic agenda is therefore further from enactment in the sense that anything on the systematic agenda is a policy possibility as long as it is legally and politically sound.
        
        Therefore, agendas exist at all levels of government such as federal, state, local and others which all the issues on these agendas can be categorised by the extent to which the relevant authority is willing to enact and implement policy to deal with these issues.
      - Institutional agenda
        
        Under institutional agendas, some issues are considered cyclical issues that happen every year and recurrent issues.
        
        For example, a cyclical issue is the adoption of a new annual budget of the government and one recurrent issue is the adoption of inflation targets.