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Foundations of Travel Behaviour - Coggle Diagram
Foundations of Travel Behaviour
Understanding Tourists Motivation
An understanding of motivation is the key to understanding tourists or travel behaviour, answering the question of why people travel.
Why do people travel?
-seek excitement
-health & wellness
-escape from work stress
-enjoy good food
Push and Pull motivations
Push
-by personality traits
-by individual needs and ones
(create desire to travel)
Internal factors
-Desire for escape
-Rest and relaxation
-Adventure
-Learning new things
Pull
-by appealing attributes of travel destinations
(influences choices of destination)
External factors
-beaches
-historic sites
-recreational facilities
-ease of access
-Opportunities to
increase knowledge
The importance of image
-Tourists behaviour(individuals/groups)
depend upon perception of the destination
-Image of a place determine the type of visitors it would attract
The “
organic
” image of a destination is all info that has not been deliberately directed by advertising or promotion
The “
induced
” image of a destination is formed by deliberate portrayal and promotion by various tourism organizations
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Explains human behaviour and motivation in general (can apply to tourists)
Self-actualisation
(Higher order)
Personal growth & self-fulfilment
Educational tours and cruises
-Trekking as a personal challenge to one’s physical limits
-Learning the language and culture before traveling to another country
Esteem
(Higher Order)
Desire for prestige, status, respect, achievement
-Elite status in frequent user programs
-Incentive travel awards(fully paid by company)
for superior sales performance
-token for guests in recognition
of special occasions(bday)
Belongingness
(Higher order)
Acceptance in social groups
-being on tour group with people with similar background/interests
-Recognition gained by belonging to “members only” / frequently-use programs
-Trips to trace one’s ancestral roots
Safety
(lower order)
Personal & perceived degree of safety
-Reliable reservation services
-Medical facilities and doctors available(cruise)
-Airline security procedures
Physiological
(lower order)
Survival, basic needs
-Tours offer frequent
rest/toilet stops
-Clean, drinkable water
-Good food hygiene
Plog’s Psychocentric-Allocentric Model
-Makes use of personality characteristics to understand
tourist travel patterns
-Personality: the way people tend
to think, feel and behave
Allocentrics
(Venturers)
adventure seekers who go for new
locations and activities
Midcentrics
travellers who fall in-between these
2 extremes (most travellers)
Psychocentrics
(dependables)
travellers who prefer traditionally popular locations and experiences commonplace activities (desire predictability in their travels)
Cohen’s classification of tourists
Institutionalised Tourism
(psychocentrics)
-Dealt with routinely by the
tourism industry
-Tour operators, travel agents,
hoteliers, transport operators
The Organized Mass Tourist
-Low on adventurousness
-maintains the environmental bubble on the trip
-Typically purchases a ready-made package
tour off-the-shelf to a popular destination
-Guided through the destination
-little contact with local culture/people
Very high degree of “familiarity
The Individual Mass Tourist
-Similar to organized mass tourist but more flexibility and scope for personal choice is built in
-tour is still organized by the tourism industry but
allows more freedom (e.g. fly drive holiday)
environmental bubble still shields tourist from
the real experience in the destination
• Medium to high degree of “familiarity”
Non-institutionalised Tourism
(allocentrics)
-Individual travel
-Shunning contact with the tourism industry except where absolutely necessary
The Explorer
-trip is organized independently
-Looking to get off the beaten track to meet
local people and sets out, consciously,
to avoid contact with other tourists
-Comfortable accommodation and
reliable transport are still sought
-environmental bubble is abandoned on occasion, but it is still there to step into if things get tough
Medium to high degree of “novelty”
The Drifter
-Avoids contact with tourists
and tourist establishments
-trip attempts to get as far
from home and familiarity
-No fixed itinerary
-Lives with locals, work within community
and immerse oneself in the local culture
-Very high degree of “novelty”