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Unit 2 & 3, Unit 4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Selectively permeable
      - Separates, controls, communicate
      - fluid mosaic model: the fluidity of the membrane
      - phospholipid bilayer, embedded with protein&cholesterol molecules
        
        Peripheral (inner) / integral proteins (fully, partially)
    - - Food vacuoles
        
        formed by phagocytosis (engulfing materials)
      - Contractile vacuoles
        
        pump excess water out of cells
    - - Recycle, apoptosis
      - Lysosomes + food vacuoles = break down contents to sugar, monomers, release them to cytoplasm, use as nutrients
      - Enzymes: produced in Rough ER and modified by Golgi / they work best in acidic environments
      - Vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes, breaks down macromolecules
    - - While Cis -> Trans face, the products from the ER is modified, sorted and targeted for diff. parts of the cell.
        
        some vesicles are incorporated in the plasma membrane. (or remain in the cell and become lysosomes)
      - Cisternae
        
        Trans face (shipping end)
        
        After content is modified, it is transported to different parts of the cell inside the vesicles
        
        Cis face (receiving end)
        
        Vesicles from ER fuse w/ Golgi membrane, Golgi receives content
      - Proteins are modified, stored and sent to other places in transport vesicles
    - - Smooth ER
        
        lacks ribosomes
        
        synthesize lipids
      - Rough ER
        
        embedded with ribosomes, synthesize proteins
        
        proteins that are made here: secreted from cell, incorporated into membrane, used in lysosomes
      - Extensive network of membrane, hugely increases the surface area (allows synthesis of many materials)
    - - Nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleolus(ribosomes are synthesized
      - holds DNA that is organized into chromosomes
  - - - Diffusion
      - Osmosis
        
        Isotonic
        
        Hypertonic
        
        Hypotonic
      - Facilitated transport
        
        Utilizing membrane proteins
    - - Sodium-potassium pump
      - Cotransport
      - Bulk transport
        
        Exocytosis
        
        Endocytosis
        
        Phagocytosis
        
        Pinocytosis
- - - - Energy of motion
      - thermal energy/ Heat: thermal energy transfer
    - - Stored energy
    - - 1st law of t.d
        
        E cannot be created or destroyed
      - 2nd law of t.d
        
        Energy transfer increases the entropy
    - - Exergonic
        
        releases E
      - Endergonic
        
        requires E
- - - - cell grows in size, double number of organelles
      - G1 Checkpoint: most important in mammalian cells
        
        O sign - complete cycle
        
        X sign - G0 phase
    - - continue growth, prepares for cell growth
        
        G2 Checkpoint: check DNA replication
        
        M Checkpoint: kinetochores and microtubles connection
    - - replicate DNA, sister chromatids
  - - - Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope break down, microtubles, centrosomes move
    - - Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope break down, microtubles, centrosomes move
    - - @ / metaphase plate, chromosome align
    - - microtubles pull apart sister chromatids, chromatids move to the opposite ends of the cell
    - - chromosomes de-condense, nuclear envelopes reform, microtubles break down
    - - animal cells - cleavage furrow / plant cell - cell plate
- - - - Reception
        
        ligand / target cells
        
        Intracellular receptor / Membrane receptor
      - Transduction
        
        multiple step / amplify signal, coordination and regulation
      - Response
        
        number of activated products > products in the preceding step
    - - Direct
        
        plasmodesmata, gap junctions, cell surface markers
      - Long
        
        travel long distances to target cells
      - Short
        
        Autocrine
        
        Affecting same cell that released signal
        
        Paracrine
        
        Affect nearby cell